Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Jan. 8, 2025
Acute
COVID-19
infection
causes
significant
alterations
in
the
innate
and
adaptive
immune
systems.
While
most
individuals
recover
naturally,
some
develop
long
COVID
(LC)
syndrome,
marked
by
persistent
or
new
symptoms
weeks
to
months
after
SARS-CoV-2
infection.
Despite
its
prevalence,
there
are
no
clinical
tests
distinguish
LC
patients
from
those
fully
recovered.
Understanding
immunological
basis
of
is
essential
for
improving
diagnostic
treatment
approaches.
We
performed
deep
immunophenotyping
functional
assays
examine
profiles
patients,
with
active
COVID-19,
recovered
healthy
donors.
This
analysis
assessed
both
features,
identifying
potential
biomarkers
syndrome.
A
Binomial
Generalized
Linear
Model
(BGLM)
was
used
pinpoint
features
characterizing
LC.
exhibited
depletion
cell
subsets,
including
plasmacytoid
conventional
dendritic
cells,
classical,
non-classical,
intermediate
monocytes,
monocyte-derived
inflammatory
cells.
Elevated
basal
inflammation
observed
compared
whose
were
closer
donors
individuals.
However,
displayed
alterations,
reduced
T
subsets
(CD4,
CD8,
Tregs)
switched
memory
B
similar
patients.
Through
BGLM,
a
unique
signature
identified,
featuring
CD8
gd
cells
low
proliferative
capacity
diminished
expression
activation
homing
receptors.
The
findings
highlight
associated
characterized
dysregulation.
recovery
comparable
Recovered
individuals,
deficits
populations
evident,
differentiating
full
recovery.
These
provide
insights
into
pathogenesis
may
support
development
tools
targeted
therapies.
Nature,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
623(7985), P. 139 - 148
Published: Sept. 25, 2023
Abstract
Post-acute
infection
syndromes
may
develop
after
acute
viral
disease
1
.
Infection
with
SARS-CoV-2
can
result
in
the
development
of
a
post-acute
syndrome
known
as
long
COVID.
Individuals
COVID
frequently
report
unremitting
fatigue,
post-exertional
malaise,
and
variety
cognitive
autonomic
dysfunctions
2–4
However,
biological
processes
that
are
associated
persistence
these
symptoms
unclear.
Here
275
individuals
or
without
were
enrolled
cross-sectional
study
included
multidimensional
immune
phenotyping
unbiased
machine
learning
methods
to
identify
features
Marked
differences
noted
circulating
myeloid
lymphocyte
populations
relative
matched
controls,
well
evidence
exaggerated
humoral
responses
directed
against
among
participants
Furthermore,
higher
antibody
non-SARS-CoV-2
pathogens
observed
COVID,
particularly
Epstein–Barr
virus.
Levels
soluble
mediators
hormones
varied
groups,
cortisol
levels
being
lower
Integration
data
into
models
identified
key
most
strongly
status.
Collectively,
findings
help
guide
future
studies
pathobiology
developing
relevant
biomarkers.
Nature Medicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
30(8), P. 2148 - 2164
Published: Aug. 1, 2024
Long
COVID
represents
the
constellation
of
post-acute
and
long-term
health
effects
caused
by
SARS-CoV-2
infection;
it
is
a
complex,
multisystem
disorder
that
can
affect
nearly
every
organ
system
be
severely
disabling.
The
cumulative
global
incidence
long
around
400
million
individuals,
which
estimated
to
have
an
annual
economic
impact
approximately
$1
trillion-equivalent
about
1%
economy.
Several
mechanistic
pathways
are
implicated
in
COVID,
including
viral
persistence,
immune
dysregulation,
mitochondrial
dysfunction,
complement
endothelial
inflammation
microbiome
dysbiosis.
devastating
impacts
on
individual
lives
and,
due
its
complexity
prevalence,
also
has
major
ramifications
for
systems
economies,
even
threatening
progress
toward
achieving
Sustainable
Development
Goals.
Addressing
challenge
requires
ambitious
coordinated-but
so
far
absent-global
research
policy
response
strategy.
In
this
interdisciplinary
review,
we
provide
synthesis
state
scientific
evidence
assess
human
health,
systems,
economy
metrics,
forward-looking
roadmap.
New England Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
391(6), P. 515 - 525
Published: July 17, 2024
Postacute
sequelae
of
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
infection
(PASC)
can
affect
many
organ
systems.
However,
temporal
changes
during
the
disease
2019
(Covid-19)
pandemic,
including
evolution
SARS-CoV-2,
may
have
affected
risk
and
burden
PASC.
Whether
PASC
changed
over
course
pandemic
is
unclear.
BMJ,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. e076990 - e076990
Published: Nov. 22, 2023
Abstract
Objective
To
investigate
the
effectiveness
of
primary
covid-19
vaccination
(first
two
doses
and
first
booster
dose
within
recommended
schedule)
against
post-covid-19
condition
(PCC).
Design
Population
based
cohort
study.
Setting
Swedish
Covid-19
Investigation
for
Future
Insights—a
Epidemiology
Approach
using
Register
Linkage
(SCIFI-PEARL)
project,
a
register
study
in
Sweden.
Participants
All
adults
(≥18
years)
with
registered
between
27
December
2020
9
February
2022
(n=589
722)
largest
regions
Individuals
were
followed
from
infection
until
death,
emigration,
vaccination,
reinfection,
PCC
diagnosis
(ICD-10
code
U09.9),
or
end
follow-up
(30
November
2022),
whichever
came
first.
who
had
received
at
least
one
vaccine
before
considered
vaccinated.
Main
outcome
measure
The
was
clinical
PCC.
Vaccine
estimated
Cox
regressions
adjusted
age,
sex,
comorbidities
(diabetes
cardiovascular,
respiratory,
psychiatric
disease),
number
healthcare
contacts
during
2019,
socioeconomic
factors,
dominant
virus
variant
time
infection.
Results
Of
299
692
vaccinated
individuals
covid-19,
1201
(0.4%)
follow-up,
compared
4118
(1.4%)
290
030
unvaccinated
individuals.
any
associated
reduced
risk
(adjusted
hazard
ratio
0.42,
95%
confidence
interval
0.38
to
0.46),
58%.
individuals,
21
111
only,
205
650
doses,
72
931
three
more
doses.
dose,
21%,
59%,
73%,
respectively.
Conclusions
results
this
suggest
strong
association
receiving
findings
highlight
importance
reduce
population
burden
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: April 2, 2024
Abstract
As
mounting
evidence
suggests
a
higher
incidence
of
adverse
consequences,
such
as
disruption
the
immune
system,
among
patients
with
history
COVID-19,
we
aimed
to
investigate
post-COVID-19
conditions
on
comprehensive
set
allergic
diseases
including
asthma,
rhinitis,
atopic
dermatitis,
and
food
allergy.
We
used
nationwide
claims-based
cohorts
in
South
Korea
(K-CoV-N;
n
=
836,164;
main
cohort)
Japan
(JMDC;
2,541,021;
replication
cohort
A)
UK
Biobank
(UKB;
325,843;
B)
after
1:5
propensity
score
matching.
Among
836,164
individuals
(mean
age,
50.25
years
[SD,
13.86];
372,914
[44.6%]
women),
147,824
were
infected
SARS-CoV-2
during
follow-up
period
(2020−2021).
The
risk
developing
diseases,
beyond
first
30
days
diagnosis
significantly
increased
(HR,
1.20;
95%
CI,
1.13−1.27),
notably
asthma
2.25;
1.80−2.83)
rhinitis
1.23;
1.15−1.32).
This
gradually
decreased
over
time,
but
it
persisted
throughout
(≥6
months).
In
addition,
increasing
severity
COVID-19.
Notably,
COVID-19
vaccination
at
least
two
doses
had
protective
effect
against
subsequent
0.81;
0.68−0.96).
Similar
findings
reported
A
B.
Although
potential
for
misclassification
pre-existing
incident
remains
limitation,
ethnic
diversity
condition
has
been
validated
by
utilizing
multinational
independent
population-based
cohorts.
