Advanced materials for micro/nanorobotics

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 53(18), P. 9190 - 9253

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Autonomous micro/nanorobots capable of performing programmed missions are at the forefront next-generation micromachinery. These small robotic systems predominantly constructed using functional components sourced from micro- and nanoscale materials; therefore, combining them with various advanced materials represents a pivotal direction toward achieving higher level intelligence multifunctionality. This review provides comprehensive overview for innovative micro/nanorobotics, focusing on five families that have witnessed most rapid advancements over last decade: two-dimensional materials, metal-organic frameworks, semiconductors, polymers, biological cells. Their unique physicochemical, mechanical, optical, properties been integrated into to achieve greater maneuverability, programmability, intelligence, multifunctionality in collective behaviors. The design fabrication methods hybrid discussed based material categories. In addition, their promising potential powering motion and/or (multi-)functionality is described fundamental principles underlying explained. Finally, extensive use variety applications, including environmental remediation, (bio)sensing, therapeutics,

Language: Английский

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Metareview: a survey of active matter reviews

The European Physical Journal E, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 48(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

In the past years, amount of research on active matter has grown extremely rapidly, a fact that is reflected in particular by existence more than 1000 reviews this topic. Moreover, field become very diverse, ranging from theoretical studies statistical mechanics particles to applied work medical applications microrobots and biological systems artificial swimmers. This makes it difficult get an overview over as whole. Here, we provide such form metareview article surveys existing review articles books matter. Thereby, provides useful starting point for finding literature about specific

Language: Английский

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Oral administration microrobots for drug delivery

Bioactive Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 39, P. 163 - 190

Published: May 21, 2024

Oral administration is the most simple, noninvasive, convenient treatment. With increasing demands on targeted drug delivery, traditional oral treatment now facing some challenges: 1) biologics how to implement and ensure bioavailability not lower than subcutaneous injections; 2) How achieve therapy of drugs in gastrointestinal tract? Based these two issues, delivery microrobots have shown great application prospect due their characteristics flexible locomotion or driven ability. Therefore, this paper summarizes various developed recent years divides them into four categories according different driving modes: magnetic-controlled microrobots, anchored self-propelled biohybrid microrobots. As involve disciplines such as materials science, mechanical engineering, medicine, control systems, begins by introducing barriers that must overcome. Subsequently, it provides an overview typical involved design process To enhance readers' understanding working principles we present a guideline for designing Furthermore, current development status types reviewed, summarizing respective advantages limitations. Finally, considering significant concerns regarding safety clinical translation, discuss challenges prospections translation presented paper, providing corresponding suggestions addressing existing challenges.

Language: Английский

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Swarming Magnetic Fe ₃ O ₄ @Polydopamine-Tannic Acid Nanorobots: Integrating Antibiotic-Free Superficial Photothermal and Deep Chemical Strategies for Targeted Bacterial Elimination

Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are envisioned to provide revolutionary changes therapies for infectious diseases as they can deliver various antibacterial agents or energies many hard-to-reach infection sites. However, existing MNRs face substantial challenges in addressing complex infections that progress from superficial deep tissues. Here, we develop swarming magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @polydopamine-tannic acid nanorobots (Fe @PDA-TA NRs) capable of performing targeted bacteria elimination complicated bacterial by integrating photothermal and chemical strategies. The nanoparticles (NPs), serving building blocks the nanorobots, fabricated situ polymerization dopamine followed TA adhesion. When driven alternating fields, NPs assemble into large energetic microswarms continuously flowing forward with tunable velocity. Thus, NRs be navigated achieve rapid broad coverage a area distance rapidly eradicate residing there upon exposure near-infrared (NIR) light due their efficient conversion. Additionally, concentrate at sites traversing through confined, narrow, tortuous passages, exerting sustained action surface TA-induced easy cell adhesion subsequent membrane destruction. Therefore, show great potential superficial-to-deep infections. This study may inspire development future therapeutic microsystems multifunction synergies, task flexibility, high efficiency.

Language: Английский

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Molecular Interactions in Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters

Precision Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2(10), P. 495 - 517

Published: Aug. 23, 2024

For nanochemistry, precise manipulation of nanoscale structures and the accompanying chemical properties at atomic precision is one greatest challenges today. The scientific community strives to develop design customized nanomaterials, while molecular interactions often serve as key tools or probes for this atomically undertaking. In Perspective, metal nanoclusters, especially gold a good platform understanding such interactions. These nanoclusters have core size about 2 nm, defined number atoms, protecting ligands with known crystal structure. structure allows us discuss how facilitate systematic modification functionalization from their inner core, through ligand shell, external assembly. Interestingly, packing nanocluster can be affected by forces on surface. After discussing structure, we examine various atomic-level strategies enhance photoluminescent quantum yield improve nanoclusters' catalytic performance. Beyond single cluster level, attractive repulsive been employed engineer self-assembly behavior thus morphology nanoclusters. methodological fundamental insights systemized in review should useful customizing assembly patterns level.

Language: Английский

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Motion control of chemically powered colloidal motors

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 341, P. 103475 - 103475

Published: March 15, 2025

Language: Английский

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Design and Manufacturing of Micro/Nanorobots

International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6(6), P. 062006 - 062006

Published: Aug. 21, 2024

Abstract Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) capable of performing tasks at the micro- and nanoscale hold great promise for applications in cutting-edge fields such as biomedical engineering, environmental microfabrication. To cope with intricate dynamic environments encountered practical applications, development high performance MNRs is crucial. They have evolved from single-material, single-function, simple structure to multi-material, multi-function, complex structure. However, design manufacturing multi-material three-dimensional structures pose significant challenges that cannot be addressed by conventional serial strategies single-process methods. The material-interface-structure-function/ coupled methods additive/formative/subtractive composite offer opportunity manufacture multi-materials under multi-factor coupling, thus paving way MNRs. In this paper, we take three core capabilities MNRs—mobility, controllability, load capability—as focal point, emphasizing oriented towards their function/performance functional structures. limitations current investigation are also discussed, our envisioned future directions shared. We hope review will provide a framework template MNRs, serving roadmap researchers interested area.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in bioinspired walking microbots: Design, manufacturing, and challenges

Sensors and Actuators A Physical, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 372, P. 115321 - 115321

Published: March 30, 2024

Language: Английский

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Imaging-guided bioresorbable acoustic hydrogel microrobots

Science Robotics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(97)

Published: Dec. 11, 2024

Micro- and nanorobots excel in navigating the intricate often inaccessible areas of human body, offering immense potential for applications such as disease diagnosis, precision drug delivery, detoxification, minimally invasive surgery. Despite their promise, practical deployment faces hurdles, including achieving stable propulsion complex vivo biological environments, real-time imaging localization through deep tissue, precise remote control targeted therapy ensuring high therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these obstacles, we introduce a hydrogel-based, imaging-guided, bioresorbable acoustic microrobot (BAM) designed to navigate body with stability. Constructed using two-photon polymerization, BAM comprises magnetic nanoparticles agents integrated into its hydrogel matrix delivery. The features an optimized surface chemistry hydrophobic inner layer substantially enhance microbubble retention biofluids multiday functionality hydrophilic outer minimize aggregation promote timely degradation. dual-opening bubble-trapping cavity design enables maintain consistent efficient across range fluids. Under focused ultrasound stimulation, entrapped microbubbles oscillate contrast imaging, facilitating tracking movement wireless navigation. Moreover, hydrolysis-driven biodegradability BAMs ensures safe dissolution after treatment, posing no risk long-term residual harm. Thorough vitro experimental evidence demonstrates promising capabilities biomedical applications. This approach shows promise advancing medical interventions

Language: Английский

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Translational nanorobotics breaking through biological membranes

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

In the dynamic realm of translational nanorobotics, endeavor to develop nanorobots carrying therapeutics in rational vivo applications necessitates a profound understanding biological landscape human body and its complexity. Within this landscape, membranes stand as critical barriers successful delivery therapeutic cargo target site. Their crossing is not only challenge for nanorobotics but also pivotal criterion clinical success therapeutic-carrying nanorobots. Nevertheless, despite their urgency, strategies membrane remain relatively underrepresented scientific literature, signaling an opportunity further research innovation. This review focuses on with various propulsion mechanisms from chemical physical hybrid mechanisms, it identifies describes four essential that represent needed be crossed journey applications. First entry point into blood stream, which skin or mucosa intravenous injection; next exit bloodstream across endothelium site; cell through plasma and, finally, escape lysosome, otherwise destroys cargo. The discusses design challenges inherent translating nanorobot technologies real-world provides overview documented crossings. aim underscore need interdisciplinary collaborations between chemists, materials scientists biologists vital domain has potential revolutionize field precision medicine.

Language: Английский

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