Antimicrobial Peptides—or How Our Ancestors Learned to Control the Microbiome

mBio, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(5)

Published: Sept. 28, 2021

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short and generally positively charged found in a wide variety of life forms from microorganisms to humans. Their range activity against pathogens, including Gram-positive -negative bacteria, yeasts, fungi, enveloped viruses makes them fundamental component innate immunity. Marra et al. (A. Marra, M. A. Hanson, S. Kondo, B. Erkosar, Lemaitre, mBio 12:e0082421, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00824-21) use the analytical potential Drosophila show that AMPs lysozymes play direct role controlling composition abundance beneficial gut microbiome. By comparing mutant wild-type flies, they demonstrated specific loss lysozyme production results changes microbiome composition. Furthermore, established particularly essential aging flies. Studies early emerging metazoans, other invertebrates, humans support view an ancestral function microbial colonization.

Language: Английский

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Emergence of novel cephalopod gene regulation and expression through large-scale genome reorganization

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: April 21, 2022

Abstract Coleoid cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus) have the largest nervous system among invertebrates that together with many lineage-specific morphological traits enables complex behaviors. The genomic basis underlying these innovations remains unknown. Using comparative and functional genomics in model squid Euprymna scolopes , we reveal unique genomic, topological, regulatory organization of cephalopod genomes. We show coleoid genomes been extensively restructured compared to other animals, leading emergence hundreds tightly linked evolutionary gene clusters (microsyntenies). Such novel microsyntenies correspond topological compartments a distinct structure contribute expression patterns. In particular, identify set associated (MACIs) broadly enriched expression. posit MACIs was instrumental evolution propose microsyntenic profiling will be central understanding innovations.

Language: Английский

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Symbiosis: the other cells in development

Development, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 149(13)

Published: July 1, 2022

ABSTRACT Animal development is an inherently complex process that regulated by highly conserved genomic networks, and the resulting phenotype may remain plastic in response to environmental signals. Despite having been studied a more natural setting for past few decades, this framework often precludes role of microbial prokaryotes these processes. Here, we address how symbioses impact animal from onset gametogenesis through adulthood. We then provide first assessment which developmental processes or not be influenced and, doing so, holistic view budding discipline symbiosis.

Language: Английский

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Cephalopod ontogeny and life cycle patterns

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: July 7, 2023

Life cycle definitions provide the background for conceptualizing meaningful questions to address mechanisms that generate different life patterns. This review provides explicit and explanations of steps in a cephalopod cycle, from fertilization death. Each large step, or phase, is characterized by particular developmental process morphology. phase composed smaller developmentally distinct steps, stages. The comprised all some following phases: Embryonic, Paralarval, Juvenile, Subadult, Adult Senescent, each taxon-specific. All cephalopods have direct development maintain consistent body plan throughout ontogeny (i.e., no true larval metamorphosis). Most marked long early short adult followed senescence. Cephalopods two modes: they produce either small planktonic hatchlings as paralarvae, juveniles. go through Hatchling stage soon after eclosion during which rely on modes nutrition: endogenous (yolk) exogenous (prey). Many with paralarvae will become benthic their Settlement remain pelagic Metapelagic stage. Juvenile growth fast ontogenetic changes (outside gonadal maturation) generally cease at end phase. Subadult begins when definitive morphology (except size proportions) acquired (e.g., full complement photophores). Sexual organs undergo most starts spawning competency concludes gonads are spent. Senescent spent ends Using this new terminology, we examine patterns cycles find there four main based presence Paralarval habitat occupied phase: Holopelagic (all phases pelagic), Holobenthic benthic), Merobenthic Meropelagic (phases alternate between environments). In these last patterns, difference species. terminology proposed here unifying framework future ecological, evolutionary research cephalopods.

Language: Английский

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“Failure To Launch”: Development of a Reproductive Organ Linked to Symbiotic Bacteria

mBio, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Jan. 19, 2023

Developmental processes in animals are influenced by colonization and/or signaling from microbial symbionts. Here, we show that bacteria the environment linked to development of a symbiotic organ houses bacterial consortium female Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. In addition well-characterized light association with bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, E. scolopes house simple community reproductive organ, accessory nidamental gland (ANG). order understand influences on ANG development, squid were raised laboratory under conditions where exposure environmental microorganisms was experimentally manipulated. Under hosts exposed depleted bacteria, ANGs completely absent or stunted, result independent presence symbiont V. fischeri. When substrate host's natural containing native microbiota, normal observed, and communities similar wild-caught animals. Analysis substrates laboratory-raised suggests certain groups, namely, Verrucomicrobia, development. The composition also Squid supplemented specific strain, Leisingera sp. JC1, had high proportions this strain ANG, suggesting once is initiated, strains can be introduced subsequently colonize organ. Overall, these data suggest required for IMPORTANCE Microbiota have profound effects animal plant Hosts axenically without symbionts often suffer negative outcomes resulting developmental defects reduced function. Using defined experimental conditions, demonstrate formation female-specific Although nascent tissues involved recruitment formed initially, mature failed develop severely sexually not microbiota environment. This first example complete relying an host. study broadens use as model organism studying influence beneficial

Language: Английский

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Hologenome analysis reveals independent evolution to chemosymbiosis by deep-sea bivalves

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: March 8, 2023

Abstract Background Bivalves have independently evolved a variety of symbiotic relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria. These range from endo- to extracellular interactions, making them ideal for studies on symbiosis-related evolution. It is still unclear whether there are universal patterns symbiosis across bivalves. Here, we investigate the hologenome an thyasirid clam that represents early stages Results We present Conchocele bisecta (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) collected deep-sea hydrothermal vents symbionts, along related ultrastructural evidence and expression data. Based sequencing evidence, only one dominant Thioglobaceae bacteria was densely aggregated in large bacterial chambers C. , genome shows nutritional complementarity immune interactions host. Overall, gene family expansions may contribute phenotypic variations different For instance, convergent gaseous substrate transport families endosymbiotic bivalves absent . Compared relatives, exhibits large-scale expansion phagocytosis, which facilitate symbiont digestion account phenotypes. also reveal distinct system evolution, including lipopolysaccharide scavenging contraction IAP (inhibitor apoptosis protein), manners virulence resistance Conclusions Thus, employ pathways adapt long-term co-existence their further highlighting contribution stochastic evolution independent gain lifestyle lineage.

Language: Английский

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Symbiosis takes a front and center role in biology

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(4), P. e3002571 - e3002571

Published: April 5, 2024

All animals and plants likely require interactions with microbes, often in strong, persistent symbiotic associations. While the recognition of this phenomenon has been slow coming, it will impact most, if not all, subdisciplines biology.

Language: Английский

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A conserved bacterial genetic basis for commensal-host specificity

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 386(6726), P. 1117 - 1122

Published: Dec. 5, 2024

Animals selectively acquire specific symbiotic gut bacteria from their environments that aid host fitness. To colonize, a symbiont must locate its niche and sustain growth within the gut. Adhesins are bacterial cell surface proteins facilitate attachment to tissues often virulence factors for opportunistic pathogens. However, attachments transient nonspecific, additional mechanisms required infection. In this work, we use live imaging of individual cells colonizing living Drosophila melanogaster show Lactiplantibacillus plantarum specifically recognizes fruit fly foregut as distinct physical niche. L. establishes stably through host-specific adhesins encoded by genes carried on colonization island. The adhesin binding domains conserved throughout Lactobacillales, island also encodes secretion system widely among commensal pathogenic bacteria.

Language: Английский

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How It All Begins: Bacterial Factors Mediating the Colonization of Invertebrate Hosts by Beneficial Symbionts

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 86(4)

Published: Oct. 27, 2022

Beneficial associations with bacteria are widespread across animals, spanning a range of symbiont localizations, transmission routes, and functions. While some these have evolved into obligate relationships permanent localization within the host, majority require colonization every host generation from environment or via maternal provisions.

Language: Английский

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High Levels of Cyclic Diguanylate Interfere with Beneficial Bacterial Colonization

mBio, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(4)

Published: Aug. 2, 2022

During colonization of the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes), Vibrio fischeri bacteria undergo a lifestyle transition from planktonic motile state in environment to biofilm host mucus. Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is cytoplasmic signaling molecule that important for regulating motility-biofilm transitions many bacterial species. V. encodes 50 proteins predicted synthesize and/or degrade c-di-GMP, but role c-di-GMP regulation during has not been investigated. We examined strains exhibiting either low or high levels and found while low-c-di-GMP strain had no defect, was severely impaired. Expression heterologous phosphodiesterase restored colonization, demonstrating effect due levels. In constitutive high-c-di-GMP state, colonizing exhibited reduced motility, altered aggregate morphology, regulatory interaction where transcription one polysaccharide locus inhibited by presence other polysaccharide. Our results highlight importance proper beneficial animal illustrate multiple pathways regulated host, uncover an interplay exopolysaccharide systems host-associated aggregates. IMPORTANCE There substantial interest studying cyclic pathogenic environmental bacteria, which led accepted paradigm promote formation reduce motility. However, considerably less focus placed on understanding how this compound contributes colonization. Using fischeri-Hawaiian study system, we took advantage recent genetic advances bacterium modulate measure track phenotypes symbiotic interaction. Studies revealed c-di-GMP-dependent between two distinct polysaccharides, Syp cellulose, evident culture-based studies: elevated composition abundance vivo decreasing syp increased cellulose synthesis. This reveals parallels additionally identifies occurs specifically host.

Language: Английский

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