Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: Feb. 22, 2023
Environmental
factors,
including
stress,
that
are
experienced
during
early
life
(ELS)
or
adolescence
potential
risk
factors
for
the
development
of
behavioral
and
mental
disorders
later
in
life.
The
endocannabinoid
system
plays
a
major
role
regulation
stress
responses
emotional
behavior,
thereby
acting
as
mediator
vulnerability
resilience.
Among
critical
which
determine
magnitude
direction
long-term
consequences
exposure
is
age,
i.e.,
maturity
brain
circuits
exposure.
Thus,
present
study
addressed
hypotheses
ELS
adolescent
differentially
affect
expression
regulatory
elements
system,
cannabinoid
receptor
1
(CB1R)
fatty
acid
amide
hydrolase
(FAAH)
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mPFC)
adult
female
rats.
We
also
tested
hypothesis
proposed
gene
changes
epigenetically
modulated
via
altered
DNA-methylation.
specific
aims
were
to
investigate
if
(i)
single
stressors
induce
CB1R
FAAH
(ii)
influences
effect
on
expression,
(iii)
paralleled
by
DNA
methylation.
following
experimental
groups
investigated:
(1)
non-stressed
controls
(CON),
(2)
(ELS),
(3)
(forced
swimming;
FS),
(4)
+
FS
found
an
up-regulation
both
single-stressor
reduction
back
control
levels
group.
An
was
only
data
indicate
ELS,
very
immature
stage
development,
exerts
buffering
programming
induced
stress.
detected
accompanied
methylation
patterns
promoter
region
these
genes,
specifically,
negative
correlation
mean
with
found.
Our
results
induces
“(re)programming”
effect,
characterized
CpG-site
within
regions
two
genes
influence
response
at
adolescence.
Nature reviews. Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
22(6), P. 372 - 384
Published: April 28, 2021
Childhood
socio-economic
status
(SES),
a
measure
of
the
availability
material
and
social
resources,
is
one
strongest
predictors
lifelong
well-being.
Here
we
review
evidence
that
experiences
associated
with
childhood
SES
affect
not
only
outcome
but
also
pace
brain
development.
We
argue
higher
protracted
structural
development
prolonged
trajectory
functional
network
segregation,
ultimately
leading
to
more
efficient
cortical
networks
in
adulthood.
hypothesize
greater
exposure
chronic
stress
accelerates
maturation,
whereas
access
novel
positive
decelerates
maturation.
discuss
impact
variation
on
plasticity
learning.
provide
generative
theoretical
framework
catalyse
future
basic
science
translational
research
environmental
influences
Evidence
suggests
can
its
rate.
Tooley,
Bassett
Mackey
this
suggest
valence
frequency
early
interact
influence
Neurobiology of Stress,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
14, P. 100291 - 100291
Published: Jan. 10, 2021
Information
about
the
adverse
effects
of
COVID-19
pandemic
on
adolescent
and
adult
mental
health
is
growing,
yet
impacts
preschool
children
are
only
emerging.
Importantly,
environmental
factors
that
augment
or
protect
from
multidimensional
stressful
influences
emotional
development
young
poorly
understood.Depressive
symptoms
in
169
(mean
age
4.1
years)
were
assessed
with
Preschool
Feelings
Checklist
during
a
state-wide
stay-at-home
order
Southern
California.
Mothers
(46%
Latinx)
also
reported
externalizing
behaviors
Strengths
&
Difficulties
Questionnaire.
To
assess
role
child
we
examined
household
income,
food
insecurity,
parental
essential
worker
status
loss
job,
as
well
preservation
structure
children's
daily
experiences
Family
Routines
Inventory.Sixty-one
percent
families'
incomes
below
living
wage
50%
had
at
least
one
parent
who
was
an
worker.
Overall,
preschoolers'
depressive
elevated
compared
to
pre-COVID
norms.
Practice
family
routines
robustly
predicted
better
health,
this
protective
effect
persisted
after
covarying
dual-parent
insecurity
maternal
depression
stress.The
stress
exacting
significant
toll
children.
maintaining
structured,
predicable
home
environment
by
adherence
appears
mitigate
these
effects,
providing
empiric
basis
for
public
recommendations.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
38(13), P. 110600 - 110600
Published: March 1, 2022
Several
mental
illnesses,
characterized
by
aberrant
stress
reactivity,
often
arise
after
early-life
adversity
(ELA).
However,
it
is
unclear
how
ELA
affects
stress-related
brain
circuit
maturation,
provoking
these
enduring
vulnerabilities.
We
find
that
increases
functional
excitatory
synapses
onto
stress-sensitive
hypothalamic
corticotropin-releasing
hormone
(CRH)-expressing
neurons,
resulting
from
disrupted
developmental
synapse
pruning
adjacent
microglia.
Microglial
process
dynamics
and
synaptic
element
engulfment
were
attenuated
in
mice,
associated
with
deficient
signaling
of
the
microglial
phagocytic
receptor
MerTK.
Accordingly,
selective
chronic
chemogenetic
activation
microglia
increased
reduced
density
to
control
levels.
Notably,
normalized
adult
acute
responses,
including
stress-induced
secretion
behavioral
threat
as
well
adrenal
hypertrophy
mice.
Thus,
actions
during
development
are
powerful
contributors
mechanisms
which
sculpts
connectivity
stress-regulating
promoting
vulnerability
illnesses.
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
18(1), P. 417 - 442
Published: Jan. 19, 2022
Is
the
field
of
cognitive
aging
irretrievably
concerned
with
decline
and
deficits,
or
is
it
shifting
to
emphasize
hope
preservation
enhancement
function
in
late
life?
A
fragment
an
answer
comes
from
research
attempting
understand
reasons
for
individual
variability
extent
rate
decline.
This
body
work
has
created
a
sense
optimism
based
on
evidence
that
there
are
some
health
behaviors
amplify
performance
mitigate
age-related
In
this
context,
we
discuss
role
physical
activity
neurocognitive
adulthood
summarize
how
can
be
conceptualized
as
constructive
approach
both
maintenance
therapeutic
enhancing
optimizing
life.
way,
used
shape
perceptions
aging.
Translational Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: Aug. 1, 2022
Abstract
Early
life
adversity
(ELA)
is
a
major
risk
factor
for
mental
illness,
but
the
neurobiological
mechanisms
by
which
ELA
increases
future
psychopathology
are
still
poorly
understood.
Brain
development
particularly
malleable
during
prenatal
and
early
postnatal
life,
when
complex
neural
circuits
being
formed
refined
through
an
interplay
of
excitatory
inhibitory
input,
synaptogenesis,
synaptic
pruning,
myelination,
neurogenesis.
Adversity
that
influences
these
processes
sensitive
periods
can
thus
have
long-lasting
pervasive
effects
on
circuit
maturation.
In
this
review,
we
will
discuss
clinical
preclinical
evidence
impact
formation
with
focus
period,
how
impairments
in
affect
behavior.
We
provide
converging
from
human
animal
studies
alters
functional
brain
regions,
circuits,
neurotransmitter
systems
crucial
cognition
affective
behavior,
including
hippocampus,
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA)
axis,
networks
fear
responses
cognition,
serotonin
(5-HT)
system.
also
gene-by-environment
(GxE)
interactions
determine
individual
differences
susceptibility
resilience
to
ELA,
as
well
molecular
pathways
regulates
development,
emphasize
epigenetic
mechanisms.
Understanding
underlying
function
may
great
potential
advance
strategies
better
treat
or
prevent
psychiatric
disorders
their
origin
life.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
65(4), P. 508 - 534
Published: Feb. 20, 2024
The
global
burden
of
early
life
adversity
(ELA)
is
profound.
World
Health
Organization
has
estimated
that
ELA
accounts
for
almost
30%
all
psychiatric
cases.
Yet,
our
ability
to
identify
which
individuals
exposed
will
develop
mental
illness
remains
poor
and
there
a
critical
need
underlying
pathways
mechanisms.
This
review
proposes
unpredictability
as
an
understudied
aspect
tractable
presents
conceptual
model
includes
biologically
plausible
mechanistic
by
impacts
the
developing
brain.
supported
synthesis
published
new
data
illustrating
significant
patterns
signals
on
child
development.
We
begin
with
overview
existing
literature,
focused
primarily
longer
(e.g.
years,
months,
days).
then
describe
work
testing
impact
parental
moment‐to‐moment
timescale,
providing
evidence
these
during
sensitive
windows
development
influence
neurocircuit
formation
across
species
thus
may
be
evolutionarily
conserved
process
shapes
Next,
attention
drawn
emerging
themes
provide
framework
future
directions
research
including
evaluation
functions,
such
effortful
control,
particularly
vulnerable
unpredictability,
periods,
sex
differences,
cross‐cultural
investigations,
addressing
causality,
pathway
other
forms
Finally,
we
suggestions
prevention
intervention,
introduction
screening
instrument
identification
children
unpredictable
experiences.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
178(11), P. 998 - 1013
Published: Nov. 1, 2021
Adversity
early
in
life
is
common
and
a
major
risk
factor
for
the
onset
of
psychopathology.
Delineating
neurodevelopmental
pathways
by
which
adversity
affects
mental
health
critical
identification
targeted
treatment
approaches.
A
rapidly
growing
cross-species
literature
has
facilitated
advances
identifying
mechanisms
linking
with
psychopathology,
specific
dimensions
timing-related
factors
that
differentially
relate
to
outcomes,
protective
buffer
against
effects
adversity.
Yet,
vast
complexity
heterogeneity
environments
trajectories
contribute
challenges
understanding
resilience
context
In
this
overview,
author
highlights
progress
four
areas—mechanisms,
heterogeneity,
developmental
timing,
factors;
synthesizes
key
challenges;
provides
recommendations
future
research
can
facilitate
field.
Translation
across
species
ongoing
refinement
conceptual
models
have
strong
potential
inform
prevention
intervention
strategies
reduce
immense
burden
psychopathology
associated