Antioxidants and Redox Signaling,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
33(3), P. 191 - 210
Published: March 7, 2020
Significance:
Accumulating
evidence
suggests
that
inflammation
is
a
major
contributor
in
the
pathogenesis
of
several
highly
prevalent,
but
also
rare,
neurological
diseases.
In
particular,
neurodegenerative
processes
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
vascular
dementia
(VAD),
Parkinson's
(PD),
and
multiple
sclerosis
(MS)
are
fueled
by
neuroinflammation,
which,
turn,
accompanied
parallel
systemic
immune
dysregulation.
This
cross-talk
between
periphery
brain
becomes
substantial
when
blood-brain
barrier
loses
its
integrity,
as
often
occurs
course
these
It
has
been
hypothesized
perpetual
bidirectional
flux
inflammatory
mediators
not
mere
"static"
collateral
effect
neurodegeneration,
represents
proactive
phenomenon
sparking
driving
neuropathological
processes.
However,
upstream/downstream
relationship
events
pathology
still
unclear.
Recent
Advances:
Solid
recent
clearly
metabolic
factors,
infections,
Microbiota
dysbiosis,
oxidative
stress
implicated,
although
to
different
extent,
development
Critical
Issues:
Here,
we
reviewed
most
solid
published
supporting
implication
axis
inflammation-neuroinflammation-neurodegeneration
AD,
VAD,
PD,
MS,
highlighting
possible
cause
putative
downstream
component
axis.
Future
Directions:
Reaching
definitive
clinical/epidemiological
appreciation
etiopathogenic
significance
connection
peripheral
neurologic
disorders
pivotal
since
it
could
open
novel
therapeutic
avenues
for
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: March 27, 2020
Abstract
Microglia,
the
brain-resident
macrophages,
exhibit
highly
dynamic
functions
in
neurodevelopment
and
neurodegeneration.
Human
microglia
possess
unique
features
as
compared
to
mouse
microglia,
but
our
understanding
of
human
microglial
is
largely
limited
by
an
inability
obtain
under
homeostatic
states.
Here,
we
develop
a
pluripotent
stem
cell
(hPSC)-based
chimeric
brain
model
transplanting
hPSC-derived
primitive
macrophage
progenitors
into
neonatal
brains.
Single-cell
RNA-sequencing
brains
reveals
that
xenografted
retain
identity,
they
signature
gene
expression
patterns
consistent
with
physiological
recapitulate
heterogeneity
adult
microglia.
Importantly,
engrafted
response
cuprizone-induced
demyelination
species-specific
transcriptomic
differences
neurological
disease-risk
genes
This
will
serve
tool
study
role
development
degeneration.
Progress in Biomedical Engineering,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
1(1), P. 012002 - 012002
Published: July 1, 2019
Abstract
Untethered
mobile
microrobots
have
the
potential
to
transform
medicine
radically.
Their
small
size
and
wireless
mobility
can
enable
access
navigation
in
confined,
small,
hard-to-reach,
sensitive
inner
body
sites,
where
they
provide
new
ways
of
minimally
invasive
interventions
targeted
diagnosis
therapy
down
cellular
length
scales
with
high
precision
repeatability.
The
exponential
recent
progress
field
at
preclinical
level
raises
anticipations
for
their
near-future
clinical
prospects.
To
pave
way
this
transformation
happen,
however,
formerly
proposed
microrobotic
system
designs
need
a
comprehensive
review
by
including
essential
aspects
that
microrobot
needs
function
properly
safely
given
vivo
conditions
medical
problem.
present
provides
translational
perspective
on
microrobotics
research
an
application-oriented,
integrative
design
approach.
blueprint
take
account
shape,
material
composition,
manufacturing
technique,
permeation
biological
barriers,
deployment
strategy,
actuation
control
methods,
imaging
modality,
execution
prescribed
tasks
altogether
same
time.
incorporation
functional
information
pertaining
each
such
element
physical
is
highly
dependent
specific
application
scenario.
We
discuss
complexity
challenges
ahead
directions
overcome
them.
also
throw
light
regulatory
toward
bench-to-bedside
translation.
Such
multifaceted
undertaking
entails
multidisciplinary
involvement
engineers,
materials
scientists,
biologists
doctors,
bringing
focus
problems
could
make
disruptive
or
radical
impact.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
36(10), P. 109664 - 109664
Published: Aug. 17, 2021
SARS-CoV-2
infection
causes
respiratory
insufficiency
and
neurological
manifestations,
including
loss
of
smell
psychiatric
disorders,
can
be
fatal.
Most
vaccines
are
based
on
the
spike
antigen
alone,
although
they
have
shown
efficacy
at
preventing
severe
disease
death,
do
not
always
confer
sterilizing
immunity.
Here,
we
interrogate
whether
could
improved
by
incorporating
nucleocapsid
as
an
antigen.
We
show
that,
after
72
h
challenge,
a
spike-based
vaccine
confers
acute
protection
in
lung,
but
brain.
However,
combining
with
nucleocapsid-based
both
lung
These
findings
suggest
that
nucleocapsid-specific
immunity
improve
distal
control
SARS-CoV-2,
warranting
inclusion
next-generation
COVID-19
vaccines.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Sept. 27, 2021
The
neurovascular
unit
(NVU)
is
a
complex
multi-cellular
structure
consisting
of
endothelial
cells
(ECs),
neurons,
glia,
smooth
muscle
(SMCs),
and
pericytes.
Each
component
closely
linked
to
each
other,
establishing
structural
functional
unit,
regulating
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
blood
flow
energy
metabolism
as
well
forming
the
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
inner
blood-retina
(BRB).
As
name
suggests,
"neuro"
"vascular"
components
NVU
are
recognized
coupling
key
function
NVU.
However,
consists
multiple
cell
types
its
functionality
goes
beyond
resulting
coupling,
with
cross-component
links
signaling,
metabolism,
homeostasis.
Within
NVU,
glia
have
gained
increased
attention
it
increasingly
clear
that
they
fulfill
various
multi-level
functions
in
Glial
dysfunctions
were
shown
precede
neuronal
vascular
pathologies
suggesting
roles
for
pathogenesis
disease.
In
this
review,
we
take
"glio-centric"
view
on
development
retina
brain,
how
these
change
disease,
advancing
experimental
techniques
will
help
us
address
unanswered
questions.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
22(14), P. 7491 - 7491
Published: July 13, 2021
The
glymphatic
system
is
a
fluid-transport
that
accesses
all
regions
of
the
brain.
It
facilitates
exchange
cerebrospinal
fluid
and
interstitial
clears
waste
from
metabolically
active
Astrocytic
endfeet
their
dense
expression
aquaporin-4
water
channels
promote
between
perivascular
spaces
neuropil.
Cerebrospinal
fluids
are
together
transported
back
to
vascular
compartment
by
meningeal
cervical
lymphatic
vessels.
Multiple
lines
work
show
neurological
diseases
in
general
impair
transport.
Insofar
as
plays
pseudo-lymphatic
role
central
nervous
system,
it
poised
play
neuroinflammation.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
how
association
with
vessel
calls
for
renewal
established
concepts
on
CNS
an
immune-privileged
site.
We
also
potential
approaches
target
combat
Developmental Neurobiology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
81(5), P. 568 - 590
Published: Feb. 14, 2021
Synapses
are
fundamental
structures
of
neural
circuits
that
transmit
information
between
neurons.
Thus,
the
process
circuit
formation
via
proper
synaptic
connections
shapes
basis
brain
functions
and
animal
behavior.
continuously
undergo
repeated
elimination
throughout
lifetime
an
organism,
reflecting
dynamics
function.
The
structural
transformation
synapses
has
been
described
mainly
in
relation
to
activity-dependent
strengthening
weakening
functions,
is,
functional
plasticity
synapses.
An
increasing
number
studies
have
unveiled
roles
microglia,
brain-resident
immune
cells
survey
parenchyma
with
highly
motile
processes,
synapse
as
well
regulating
Over
past
15
years,
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
microglia-dependent
regulation
thoroughly
studied,
researchers
reported
disruption
causes
dysfunction
leads
diseases.
In
this
review,
we
will
broadly
introduce
report
microglia
possible
mechanisms.
Acta Neuropathologica,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
141(6), P. 809 - 822
Published: April 26, 2021
Abstract
One
of
the
most
frequent
symptoms
COVID-19
is
loss
smell
and
taste.
Based
on
lack
expression
virus
entry
proteins
in
olfactory
receptor
neurons,
it
was
originally
assumed
that
new
coronavirus
(severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
2,
SARS-CoV-2)
does
not
infect
neurons.
Recent
studies
have
reported
otherwise,
opening
possibility
can
directly
brain
by
traveling
along
nerve.
Multiple
animal
models
been
employed
to
assess
mechanisms
routes
infection
SARS-CoV-2,
often
with
conflicting
results.
We
here
review
current
evidence
for
an
route
conclude
case
neurons
weak,
based
human
studies.
Consistent
after
SARS-CoV-2
inoculation
mouse
only
seen
when
are
expressed
abnormally,
timeline
progression
rare
neuro-invasion
these
other
points
alternative
brain,
than
projections.
patients
be
assured
necessarily
mean
has
gained
access
infected
their
brains.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
20(1)
Published: Nov. 27, 2023
As
one
of
most
common
and
severe
mental
disorders,
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
significantly
increases
the
risks
premature
death
other
medical
conditions
for
patients.
Neuroinflammation
is
abnormal
immune
response
in
brain,
its
correlation
with
MDD
receiving
increasing
attention.
has
been
reported
to
be
involved
through
distinct
neurobiological
mechanisms,
among
which
dysregulation
neurogenesis
dentate
gyrus
(DG)
hippocampus
(HPC)
The
DG
two
niches
adult
mammalian
neurotrophic
factors
are
fundamental
regulators
this
process.
cell
types
mediating
neuroinflammation
include
microglia,
astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes,
meningeal
leukocytes,
peripheral
cells
selectively
penetrate
blood-brain
barrier
infiltrate
into
inflammatory
regions.
This
review
summarizes
functions
affected
by
during
progression
corresponding
influences
on
memory
patients
model
animals.
