Different
regions
of
the
striatum
regulate
different
types
behavior.
However,
how
dopamine
signals
differ
across
striatal
and
regulates
behaviors
remain
unclear.
Here,
we
compared
axon
activity
in
ventral,
dorsomedial,
dorsolateral
striatum,
while
mice
performed
a
perceptual
value-based
decision
task.
Surprisingly,
was
similar
all
three
areas.
At
glance,
multiplexed
variables
such
as
stimulus-associated
values,
confidence,
reward
feedback
at
phases
Our
modeling
demonstrates,
however,
that
these
modulations
can
be
inclusively
explained
by
moment-by-moment
changes
expected
reward,
is
temporal
difference
error.
A
major
between
areas
overall
level
responses:
responses
were
positively
shifted,
lacking
inhibitory
to
negative
prediction
errors.
The
differences
put
specific
constraints
on
properties
controlled
regions.
Brain Communications,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
2(2)
Published: Jan. 1, 2020
Abstract
The
orbitofrontal
cortex
in
primates
including
humans
is
the
key
brain
area
emotion,
and
representation
of
reward
value
non-reward,
that
not
obtaining
an
expected
reward.
Cortical
processing
before
about
identity
stimuli,
i.e.
‘what’
present,
value.
There
evidence
this
holds
for
taste,
visual,
somatosensory
olfactory
stimuli.
human
medial
represents
many
different
types
reward,
lateral
non-reward
punishment.
Not
can
lead
to
sadness,
feeling
depressed.
concept
advanced
important
region
depression
cortex,
with
related
over-responsiveness
over-connectedness
non-reward-related
under-responsiveness
under-connectivity
reward-related
cortex.
Evidence
from
large-scale
voxel-level
studies
supported
by
activation
study
described
provides
support
hypothesis.
Increased
functional
connectivity
areas
include
precuneus,
posterior
cingulate
angular
gyrus
found
patients
reduced
towards
levels
controls
when
treated
medication.
Decreased
temporal
lobe
involved
memory
depression.
Some
treatments
may
act
reducing
activity
or
New
increase
be
useful
These
concepts,
increased
attractor
networks,
have
potential
advancing
our
understanding
treatment
focus
on
humans,
because
differences
operation
indeed
systems,
rodents.
Finally,
hypothesis
developed
has
a
special
role
emotion
decision-making
part
as
cortical
it
implement
networks
maintaining
emotional
states
online,
decision-making.
Science Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(664)
Published: June 7, 2022
The
host
response
to
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
infection
can
result
in
prolonged
pathologies
collectively
referred
as
post-acute
sequalae
of
COVID-19
(PASC)
or
long
COVID.
To
better
understand
the
mechanism
underlying
COVID
biology,
we
compared
short-
and
long-term
systemic
responses
golden
hamster
after
either
SARS-CoV-2
influenza
A
virus
(IAV)
infection.
Results
demonstrated
that
exceeded
IAV
its
capacity
cause
permanent
injury
lung
kidney
uniquely
affected
olfactory
bulb
(OB)
epithelium
(OE).
Despite
a
lack
detectable
infectious
virus,
OB
OE
myeloid
T
cell
activation,
proinflammatory
cytokine
production,
an
interferon
correlated
with
behavioral
changes
extending
month
viral
clearance.
These
sustained
transcriptional
could
also
be
corroborated
from
tissue
isolated
individuals
who
recovered
COVID-19.
data
highlight
molecular
for
persistent
symptomology
provide
small
animal
model
explore
future
therapeutics.
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Jan. 21, 2020
Dopamine
and
noradrenaline
are
crucial
neuromodulators
controlling
brain
states,
vigilance,
action,
reward,
learning,
memory
processes.
Ventral
tegmental
area
(VTA)
Locus
Coeruleus
(LC)
canonically
described
as
the
main
sources
of
dopamine
(DA)
(NA)
with
dissociate
functions.
A
comparison
diverse
studies
shows
that
these
largely
overlap
in
multiple
domains
such
shared
biosynthetic
pathway
co-release
from
LC
terminals,
convergent
innervations,
non-specificity
receptors
transporters,
intracellular
signaling
pathways.
DA-NA
interactions
mainly
studied
prefrontal
cortex
hippocampus,
yet
it
can
be
extended
to
whole
given
diversity
catecholamine
innervations.
simultaneously
broadcast
both
across
brain.
Here,
we
briefly
review
molecular,
cellular,
physiological
overlaps
between
DA
NA
systems
point
their
functional
implications.
We
suggest
may
function
parallel
facilitate
learning
maintain
states
required
for
normal
cognitive
Various
modules
have
been
targeted
developing
therapeutics.
Understanding
two
is
more
effective
interventions
a
range
neuropsychiatric
conditions.
Brain Structure and Function,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
228(5), P. 1201 - 1257
Published: May 13, 2023
The
orbitofrontal
cortex
and
amygdala
are
involved
in
emotion
motivation,
but
the
relationship
between
these
functions
performed
by
brain
structures
is
not
clear.
To
address
this,
a
unified
theory
of
motivation
described
which
motivational
states
instrumental
goal-directed
actions
to
obtain
rewards
or
avoid
punishers,
emotional
that
elicited
when
reward
punisher
received.
This
greatly
simplifies
our
understanding
for
same
set
genes
associated
systems
can
define
primary
unlearned
punishers
such
as
sweet
taste
pain.
Recent
evidence
on
connectivity
human
indicates
value
experienced
with
outputs
cortical
regions
including
those
language,
key
region
depression
changes
motivation.
has
weak
effective
back
humans,
implicated
brainstem-mediated
responses
stimuli
freezing
autonomic
activity,
rather
than
declarative
emotion.
anterior
cingulate
learning
rewards,
ventromedial
prefrontal
providing
goals
navigation
reward-related
effects
memory
consolidation
mediated
partly
via
cholinergic
system.
Molecular Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
27(8), P. 3119 - 3128
Published: May 18, 2022
Abstract
How
does
cognition
regulate
innate
behaviors?
While
the
cognitive
functions
of
cortex
have
been
extensively
studied,
we
know
much
less
about
how
can
motivated
behaviors
to
fulfill
physiological,
safety
and
social
needs.
Selection
appropriate
depends
on
external
stimuli
past
experiences
that
helps
scale
priorities.
With
its
abundant
inputs
from
neocortical
allocortical
regions,
lateral
septum
(LS)
is
ideally
positioned
integrate
perception
experience
signals
in
order
activity
hypothalamic
midbrain
nuclei
control
behaviors.
In
addition,
LS
receives
numerous
subcortical
modulatory
inputs,
which
represent
animal
internal
states
also
participate
this
regulation.
perspective,
argue
sub-circuits
distinct
by
integrating
neural
neocortical,
neuromodulatory
inputs.
propose
inhibition
between
may
allow
emergence
functional
units
orchestrates
competing
