Annual Review of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
39(1), P. 251 - 277
Published: Feb. 9, 2021
The
immune
system
of
the
central
nervous
(CNS)
consists
primarily
innate
cells.
These
are
highly
specialized
macrophages
found
either
in
parenchyma,
called
microglia,
or
at
CNS
interfaces,
such
as
leptomeningeal,
perivascular,
and
choroid
plexus
macrophages.
While
they
were
thought
phagocytes,
their
function
extends
well
beyond
simple
removal
cell
debris
during
development
diseases.
Brain-resident
cells
to
be
plastic,
long-lived,
host
an
outstanding
number
risk
genes
for
multiple
pathologies.
As
a
result,
now
considered
most
suitable
targets
modulating
Additionally,
recent
single-cell
technologies
enhanced
our
molecular
understanding
origins,
fates,
interactomes,
functional
statesduring
health
perturbation.
Here,
we
review
current
state
challenges
myeloid
biology
treatment
options
related
Frontiers in Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: June 23, 2021
The
novel
virus
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
has
caused
a
pandemic
of
disease
2019
(COVID-19).
Across
the
globe,
subset
patients
who
sustain
an
SARS-CoV-2
infection
are
developing
wide
range
persistent
symptoms
that
do
not
resolve
over
course
many
months.
These
being
given
diagnosis
Long
COVID
or
Post-acute
sequelae
COVID-19
(PASC).
It
is
likely
individual
with
PASC
have
different
underlying
biological
factors
driving
their
symptoms,
none
which
mutually
exclusive.
This
paper
details
mechanisms
by
RNA
viruses
beyond
just
be
connected
to
long-term
health
consequences.
also
reviews
literature
on
and
other
virus-initiated
chronic
syndromes
such
as
post-Ebola
myalgic
encephalomyelitis/chronic
fatigue
(ME/CFS)
discuss
scenarios
for
symptom
development.
Potential
contributors
include
consequences
from
injury
one
multiple
organs,
reservoirs
in
certain
tissues,
re-activation
neurotrophic
pathogens
herpesviruses
under
conditions
immune
dysregulation,
interactions
host
microbiome/virome
communities,
clotting/coagulation
issues,
dysfunctional
brainstem/vagus
nerve
signaling,
ongoing
activity
primed
cells,
autoimmunity
due
molecular
mimicry
between
pathogen
proteins.
individualized
nature
suggests
therapeutic
approaches
may
required
best
manage
care
specific
diagnosis.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: Dec. 10, 2020
The
human
microbiota
has
a
fundamental
role
in
host
physiology
and
pathology.
Gut
microbial
alteration,
also
known
as
dysbiosis,
is
condition
associated
not
only
with
gastrointestinal
disorders
but
diseases
affecting
other
distal
organs.
Recently
it
became
evident
that
the
intestinal
bacteria
can
affect
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
inflammation.
tract
are
communicating
through
bidirectional
network
of
signaling
pathways
called
gut-brain
axis,
which
consists
multiple
connections,
including
vagus
nerve,
immune
system,
bacterial
metabolites
products.
During
these
dysregulated
altered
permeability
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
neuroinflammation.
However,
numerous
mechanisms
behind
impact
gut
neuro-development
-pathogenesis
remain
poorly
understood.
There
several
involved
CNS
homeostasis
Among
those,
inflammasome
pathway
been
linked
to
neuroinflammatory
conditions
such
sclerosis,
Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s
diseases,
anxiety
depressive-like
disorders.
complex
assembles
upon
cell
activation
due
exposure
microbes,
danger
signals,
or
stress
lead
production
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
(interleukin-1β
interleukin-18)
pyroptosis.
Evidences
suggest
there
reciprocal
influence
brain.
how
this
precisely
working
yet
be
discovered.
Herein,
we
discuss
status
knowledge
open
questions
field
focusing
on
function
products
cells
during
healthy
inflammatory
conditions,
neuropsychiatric
In
particular,
focus
innate
mechanism
certain
microbes.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
30(5), P. 1271 - 1281
Published: Feb. 1, 2020
Microglia
are
resident
immune
cells
in
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
that
capable
of
carrying
out
prominent
and
various
functions
during
development
adulthood
under
both
homeostatic
disease
conditions.
Although
microglia
traditionally
thought
to
be
heterogeneous
populations,
which
potentially
allows
them
achieve
a
wide
range
responses
environmental
changes
for
maintenance
CNS
homeostasis,
lack
unbiased
high-throughput
methods
assess
heterogeneity
has
prevented
study
spatially
temporally
distributed
subsets.
The
recent
emergence
novel
single-cell
techniques,
such
as
cytometry
by
time-of-flight
mass
spectrometry
(CyTOF)
RNA
sequencing,
enabled
scientists
overcome
limitations
reveal
surprising
context-dependent
microglia.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
current
knowledge
about
spatial,
temporal,
functional
diversity
development,
mice
humans.
Trends in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
41(9), P. 758 - 770
Published: Aug. 17, 2020
Astrocytes
are
neural
parenchymal
cells
that
ubiquitously
tile
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
In
addition
to
playing
essential
roles
in
healthy
tissue,
astrocytes
exhibit
an
evolutionarily
ancient
response
all
CNS
insults,
referred
as
astrocyte
reactivity.
Long
regarded
passive
and
homogeneous,
reactivity
is
being
revealed
a
heterogeneous
functionally
powerful
component
of
mammalian
innate
immunity.
Nevertheless,
concepts
about
what
comprises
it
does
incomplete
sometimes
controversial.
This
review
discusses
goal
differentiating
reactive
subtypes
states
based
on
composite
pictures
molecular
expression,
cell
morphology,
cellular
interactions,
proliferative
state,
normal
functions,
disease-induced
dysfunctions.
A
working
model
conceptual
framework
presented
for
characterizing
diversity
