Science Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
12(566)
Published: Oct. 21, 2020
Metabolism
of
tryptophan
by
the
gut
microbiota
into
derivatives
that
activate
aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor
(AhR)
contributes
to
intestinal
homeostasis.
Many
chronic
inflammatory
conditions,
including
celiac
disease
involving
a
loss
tolerance
dietary
gluten,
are
influenced
cues
from
microbiota.
We
investigated
whether
AhR
ligand
production
could
influence
gluten
immunopathology
in
nonobese
diabetic
(NOD)
mice
expressing
DQ8,
susceptibility
gene.
NOD/DQ8
mice,
exposed
or
not
were
subjected
three
interventions
directed
at
enhancing
pathway
activation.
These
included
high-tryptophan
diet,
gavage
with
Lactobacillus
reuteri
produces
ligands
treatment
an
agonist.
permeability,
composition
determined
16S
rRNA
gene
sequencing,
activation
contents,
and
small
pathology
markers.
In
diet
modulated
enhanced
production.
enriched
producer
L.
reuteri,
pharmacological
stimulation
using
6-formylindolo
(3,2-b)
carbazole
(Ficz)
decreased
gluten.
then
fecal
patients
active
compared
nonceliac
control
individuals.
Patients
demonstrated
reduced
lower
results
highlight
microbiota-dependent
modulation
suggest
new
therapeutic
strategy
for
treating
this
disorder.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Aug. 30, 2019
Human
monocytes
are
divided
in
three
major
populations;
classical
(CD14+CD16-),
non-classical
(CD14dimCD16+),
and
intermediate
(CD14+CD16+).
Each
of
these
subsets
is
distinguished
from
each
other
by
the
expression
distinct
surface
markers
their
functions
homeostasis
disease.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
most
up-to-date
phenotypic
classification
human
that
has
been
greatly
aided
application
novel
single-cell
transcriptomic
mass
cytometry
technologies.
Furthermore,
shed
light
on
role
plastic
immune
cells
already
recognized
emerging
chronic
diseases,
such
as
obesity,
atherosclerosis,
obstructive
pulmonary
disease,
lung
fibrosis,
cancer,
Alzheimer's
Our
aim
to
provide
an
insight
into
contribution
progression
diseases
highlight
candidacy
potential
therapeutic
cell
targets.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
117(32), P. 19376 - 19387
Published: July 27, 2020
Significance
The
gut
microbiome
comprises
trillions
of
microorganisms
that
inhabit
the
mammalian
intestines.
These
microbes
regulate
many
aspects
host
physiology,
including
defense
mechanisms
against
factors
contribute
to
inflammatory
bowel
diseases
(IBDs).
Despite
abundance
microbiota,
little
is
known
regarding
how
these
modulate
processes,
barrier
function
intestinal
epithelium,
which
controls
permeability
associated
with
IBDs.
Here,
we
discover
three
microbially
produced,
small-molecule
metabolites,
derive
from
dietary
tryptophan,
improve
integrity
and
protect
inflammation
caused
by
Our
studies
identify
a
receptor
downstream
targets
could
serve
as
potential
pathways
for
prophylactic
therapeutic
treatments
ameliorating
morbidity
in
Cell,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
182(5), P. 1252 - 1270.e34
Published: Aug. 19, 2020
Aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor
(AHR)
activation
by
tryptophan
(Trp)
catabolites
enhances
tumor
malignancy
and
suppresses
anti-tumor
immunity.
The
context
specificity
of
AHR
target
genes
has
so
far
impeded
systematic
investigation
activity
its
upstream
enzymes
across
human
cancers.
A
pan-tissue
signature,
derived
natural
language
processing,
revealed
that
32
entities,
interleukin-4-induced-1
(IL4I1)
associates
more
frequently
with
than
IDO1
or
TDO2,
hitherto
recognized
as
the
main
Trp-catabolic
enzymes.
IL4I1
activates
through
generation
indole
metabolites
kynurenic
acid.
It
reduced
survival
in
glioma
patients,
promotes
cancer
cell
motility,
adaptive
immunity,
thereby
enhancing
progression
chronic
lymphocytic
leukemia
(CLL)
mice.
Immune
checkpoint
blockade
(ICB)
induces
IL4I1.
As
inhibitors
do
not
block
IL4I1,
may
explain
failure
clinical
studies
combining
ICB
inhibition.
Taken
together,
opens
new
avenues
for
therapy.
Annual Review of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
39(1), P. 251 - 277
Published: Feb. 9, 2021
The
immune
system
of
the
central
nervous
(CNS)
consists
primarily
innate
cells.
These
are
highly
specialized
macrophages
found
either
in
parenchyma,
called
microglia,
or
at
CNS
interfaces,
such
as
leptomeningeal,
perivascular,
and
choroid
plexus
macrophages.
While
they
were
thought
phagocytes,
their
function
extends
well
beyond
simple
removal
cell
debris
during
development
diseases.
Brain-resident
cells
to
be
plastic,
long-lived,
host
an
outstanding
number
risk
genes
for
multiple
pathologies.
As
a
result,
now
considered
most
suitable
targets
modulating
Additionally,
recent
single-cell
technologies
enhanced
our
molecular
understanding
origins,
fates,
interactomes,
functional
statesduring
health
perturbation.
Here,
we
review
current
state
challenges
myeloid
biology
treatment
options
related
Redox Biology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
34, P. 101530 - 101530
Published: April 18, 2020
The
aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor
(AHR)
is
a
ligand-activated
transcription
factor
regulating
the
expression
of
genes,
for
instance
encoding
monooxygenases
cytochrome
P450
(CYP)
1A1
and
CYP1A2,
which
are
important
enzymes
in
metabolism
xenobiotics.
AHR
activated
upon
binding
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs),
persistent
organic
pollutants
(POPs),
related
ubiquitous
environmental
chemicals,
to
mediate
their
biological
toxic
effects.
In
addition,
several
endogenous
natural
compounds
can
bind
AHR,
thereby
modulating
variety
physiological
processes.
recent
years,
ambient
particulate
matter
(PM)
associated
with
traffic
air
pollution
(TRAP)
has
been
found
contain
significant
amounts
PAHs.
PM
containing
PAHs
increasing
concern
as
class
agonists,
activate
AHR.
Several
reports
show
that
AHR-mediated
induction
CYP1A1
results
excessive
generation
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
causing
oxidative
stress.
Furthermore,
exposure
induce
inflammatory
responses
may
lead
chronic
diseases,
including
asthma,
cardiovascular
increased
cancer
risk.
this
review,
we
summarize
findings
showing
critical
role
plays
mediating
effects
stressors,
pose
risk
impacting
environment
human
health.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
35(1)
Published: Jan. 5, 2022
The
human
body
is
full
of
an
extensive
number
commensal
microbes,
consisting
bacteria,
viruses,
and
fungi,
collectively
termed
the
microbiome.
initial
acquisition
microbiota
occurs
from
both
external
maternal
environments,
vast
majority
them
colonize
gastrointestinal
tract
(GIT).
These
microbial
communities
play
a
central
role
in
maturation
development
immune
system,
nervous
GIT
system
are
also
responsible
for
essential
metabolic
pathways.
Various
factors,
including
host
genetic
predisposition,
environmental
lifestyle,
diet,
antibiotic
or
nonantibiotic
drug
use,
etc.,
affect
composition
gut
microbiota.
Recent
publications
have
highlighted
that
imbalance
microflora,
known
as
dysbiosis,
associated
with
onset
progression
neurological
disorders.
Moreover,
characterization
microbiome-host
cross
talk
pathways
provides
insight
into
novel
therapeutic
strategies.
Novel
preclinical
clinical
research
on
interventions
related
to
microbiome
treating
conditions,
autism
spectrum
disorders,
Parkinson's
disease,
schizophrenia,
multiple
sclerosis,
Alzheimer's
epilepsy,
stroke,
hold
significant
promise.
This
review
aims
present
comprehensive
overview
potential
involvement
pathogenesis
particular
emphasis
microbe-based
therapies
and/or
diagnostic
biomarkers.
discusses
health
benefits
administration
probiotics,
prebiotics,
postbiotics,
synbiotics
fecal
transplantation
Archives of Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
94(11), P. 3671 - 3722
Published: Oct. 27, 2020
Abstract
The
cytochrome
P450
(CYP)
enzyme
family
is
the
most
important
system
catalyzing
phase
1
metabolism
of
pharmaceuticals
and
other
xenobiotics
such
as
herbal
remedies
toxic
compounds
in
environment.
inhibition
induction
CYPs
are
major
mechanisms
causing
pharmacokinetic
drug–drug
interactions.
This
review
presents
a
comprehensive
update
on
inhibitors
inducers
specific
CYP
enzymes
humans.
focus
more
recent
human
vitro
vivo
findings
since
publication
our
previous
this
topic
2008.
In
addition
to
general
presentation
inhibitory
drugs
by
drugs,
remedies,
compounds,
an
in-depth
view
tyrosine-kinase
antiretroviral
HIV
medications
victims
perpetrators
interactions
provided
examples
current
trends
field.
Also,
concise
overview
presented
aid
understanding
phenomena.
