Cell Host & Microbe,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
32(2), P. 162 - 169.e3
Published: Jan. 10, 2024
Ongoing
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
evolution
has
given
rise
to
recombinant
Omicron
lineages
that
dominate
globally
(XBB.1),
as
well
the
emergence
of
hypermutated
variants
(BA.2.86).
In
this
context,
durable
and
cross-reactive
T
cell
immune
memory
is
critical
for
continued
protection
against
COVID-19.
We
examined
responses
SARS-CoV-2
approximately
1.5
years
since
first
emerged.
describe
sustained
CD4+
CD8+
spike-specific
in
healthcare
workers
South
Africa
(n
=
39)
who
were
vaccinated
experienced
at
least
one
infection.
Spike-specific
cells
are
highly
with
all
tested,
including
BA.2.86.
Abundant
nucleocapsid
membrane-specific
detectable
most
participants.
The
bulk
SARS-CoV-2-specific
have
an
early-differentiated
phenotype,
explaining
their
persistent
nature.
Overall,
hybrid
immunity
leads
accumulation
spike
non-spike
evident
3.5
after
start
pandemic,
preserved
recognition
mutated
variants.
Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
375(6585), P. 1122 - 1127
Published: March 10, 2022
Considerable
research
effort
has
been
made
worldwide
to
decipher
the
immune
response
triggered
upon
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
infections,
identify
drivers
of
and
fatal
COVID-19,
understand
what
leads
prolongation
symptoms
after
disease
resolution.
We
review
results
almost
years
COVID-19
immunology
discuss
definitive
findings
remaining
questions
regarding
our
understanding
pathophysiology.
emerging
differences
in
responses
seen
those
with
without
Long
Covid
syndrome,
also
known
as
post-acute
sequelae
SARS-CoV-2.
hope
that
knowledge
gained
from
this
will
be
applied
studies
inflammatory
processes
involved
critical
chronic
illnesses,
which
remain
a
major
unmet
need.
New England Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
386(13), P. 1207 - 1220
Published: Feb. 16, 2022
The
duration
and
effectiveness
of
immunity
from
infection
with
vaccination
against
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
are
relevant
to
pandemic
policy
interventions,
including
the
timing
vaccine
boosters.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: May 3, 2022
Abstract
With
the
constantly
mutating
of
SARS-CoV-2
and
emergence
Variants
Concern
(VOC),
implementation
vaccination
is
critically
important.
Existing
vaccines
mainly
include
inactivated,
live
attenuated,
viral
vector,
protein
subunit,
RNA,
DNA,
virus-like
particle
(VLP)
vaccines.
Viral
vector
vaccines,
subunit
mRNA
may
induce
additional
cellular
or
humoral
immune
regulations,
including
Th
cell
responses
germinal
center
responses,
form
relevant
memory
cells,
greatly
improving
their
efficiency.
However,
some
be
associated
with
complications
like
thrombocytopenia
myocarditis,
raising
concerns
about
safety
these
COVID-19
Here,
we
systemically
assess
efficacy
possible
different
effects
on
pregnant
women,
elderly,
people
diseases
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome
(AIDS),
transplant
recipients,
cancer
patients.
Based
current
analysis,
governments
agencies
are
recommended
to
continue
advance
vaccine
immunization
process.
Simultaneously,
special
attention
should
paid
health
status
timely
treatment
complications,
development,
ensuring
lives
In
addition,
available
measures
such
as
mix-and-match
vaccination,
developing
new
nanoparticle
optimizing
adjuvant
improve
could
considered.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Jan. 10, 2022
Cross-reactive
immune
responses
to
SARS-CoV-2
have
been
observed
in
pre-pandemic
cohorts
and
proposed
contribute
host
protection.
Here
we
assess
52
COVID-19
household
contacts
capture
at
the
earliest
timepoints
after
exposure.
Using
a
dual
cytokine
FLISpot
assay
on
peripheral
blood
mononuclear
cells,
enumerate
frequency
of
T
cells
specific
for
spike,
nucleocapsid,
membrane,
envelope
ORF1
epitopes
that
cross-react
with
human
endemic
coronaviruses.
We
observe
higher
frequencies
cross-reactive
(p
=
0.0139),
nucleocapsid-specific
0.0355)
IL-2-secreting
memory
who
remained
PCR-negative
despite
exposure
(n
26),
when
compared
those
convert
PCR-positive
26);
no
significant
difference
spike
is
observed,
hinting
limited
protective
function
spike-cross-reactive
cells.
Our
results
are
thus
consistent
pre-existing
non-spike
protecting
SARS-CoV-2-naïve
from
infection,
thereby
supporting
inclusion
antigens
second-generation
vaccines.
Immunological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
310(1), P. 6 - 26
Published: June 5, 2022
Antibodies
against
epitopes
in
S1
give
the
most
accurate
CoP
infection
by
SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus.
Measurement
of
those
antibodies
neutralization
or
binding
assays
both
have
predictive
value,
with
antibody
titers
giving
highest
statistical
correlation.
However,
protective
functions
are
multiple.
multiple
other
than
influence
efficacy.
The
role
cellular
responses
can
be
discerned
respect
to
CD4
Immunological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
310(1), P. 27 - 46
Published: June 22, 2022
Immunological
memory
is
the
basis
of
protective
immunity
provided
by
vaccines
and
previous
infections.
can
develop
from
multiple
branches
adaptive
immune
system,
including
CD4
T
cells,
CD8
B
long-lasting
antibody
responses.
Extraordinary
progress
has
been
made
in
understanding
to
SARS-CoV-2
infection
COVID-19
vaccines,
addressing
development;
quantitative
qualitative
features
different
cellular
anatomical
compartments;
durability
each
component
antibodies.
Given
sophistication
measurements;
size
human
studies;
use
longitudinal
samples
cross-sectional
head-to-head
comparisons
between
or
for
1
year
already
supersedes
that
any
other
acute
infectious
disease.
This
knowledge
may
help
inform
public
policies
regarding
as
well
scientific
development
future
against
diseases.
Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
375(6585), P. 1127 - 1132
Published: March 10, 2022
A
diverse
array
of
successful,
first-generation
SARS-CoV-2
vaccines
have
played
a
huge
role
in
efforts
to
bring
the
COVID-19
pandemic
under
control,
even
though
inequitable
distribution
still
leaves
many
vulnerable.
Additional
challenges
loom
for
next
phase.
These
include
optimizing
immunological
rationale
boosting-how
often
and
with
what-and
best
approaches
building
future-proofed,
durable
immune
repertoire
protect
against
oncoming
viral
variants,
including
children.
The
landscape
vaccine
producers
technologies
is
likely
become
more
heterogeneous.
There
need
now
appraisal
future
approaches:
While
some
favor
frequent
boosting
first-generation,
ancestral
spike
vaccines,
others
propose
readjustment
using
current
variant
sequences,
polyvalent
or
pan-coronavirus
strategies.
