T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2

Annual Review of Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 343 - 373

Published: Feb. 8, 2023

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses roles T cells SARS-CoV-2 infection following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces multi-epitope CD4 CD8 cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early have been associated mild COVID-19 outcomes. In concert animal model data, these results suggest that while antibody are key to prevent infection, may also play valuable reducing disease severity controlling infection. memory after is sustained for at least six months. While neutralizing impacted by variants, most preserved. This review highlights extensive progress made, data knowledge gaps remain, our understanding vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: April 7, 2023

Abstract Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security the global economy. The development distribution of novel prophylactic therapeutic vaccines are prioritized countermeasures human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector offer distinguished advantages represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional approaches. Currently, remain one best strategies induction robust humoral cellular immunity against diseases. Numerous viruses different families origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies parainfluenza measles Newcastle disease influenza adenovirus poxvirus, deemed be vectors differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity protective efficacy. This review summarized overall profile strategies, progress advance steps taken address barriers deployment these vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential mucosal delivery, application cancer as well other key aspects concerning rational vaccines. Appropriate accurate technological advances would consolidate position a leading approach accelerate breakthroughs facilitate rapid response emergencies.

Language: Английский

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Live-attenuated vaccine sCPD9 elicits superior mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(5), P. 860 - 874

Published: April 3, 2023

Abstract Vaccines play a critical role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Future control of pandemic requires improved vaccines with high efficacy against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and ability to reduce virus transmission. Here we compare immune responses preclinical mRNA vaccine BNT162b2, adenovirus-vectored spike Ad2-spike live-attenuated candidate sCPD9 Syrian hamsters, using both homogeneous heterologous vaccination regimens. Comparative was assessed by employing readouts from titrations single-cell RNA sequencing. Our results show that elicited most robust immunity, including rapid viral clearance, reduced tissue damage, fast differentiation pre-plasmablasts, strong systemic mucosal humoral responses, recall memory T cells lung after challenge SARS-CoV-2. Overall, our demonstrate offer advantages over currently available vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 6178 - 6178

Published: June 4, 2024

The respiratory system is constantly exposed to viral infections that are responsible for mild severe diseases. In this narrative review, we focalized the attention on syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and acute syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, high morbidity mortality in last decades. We reviewed human innate adaptive immune responses airways following infection, focusing a particular population: newborns pregnant women. recent Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted how our interest pathologies must not decrease. Furthermore, increase knowledge of infection mechanisms improve future defense strategies.

Language: Английский

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Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

Abstract The mucosal immune system, as the most extensive peripheral network, serves frontline defense against a myriad of microbial and dietary antigens. It is crucial in preventing pathogen invasion establishing tolerance. A comprehensive understanding immunity essential for developing treatments that can effectively target diseases at their entry points, thereby minimizing overall impact on body. Despite its importance, our knowledge remains incomplete, necessitating further research. outbreak severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has underscored critical role disease prevention treatment. This systematic review focuses dynamic interactions between mucosa-associated lymphoid structures related diseases. We delve into basic functions these tissues during processes explore intricate regulatory networks mechanisms involved. Additionally, we summarize novel therapies clinical research advances immunity-related also addresses challenges vaccines, which aim to induce specific responses while maintaining tolerance non-pathogenic microbes. Innovative therapies, such nanoparticle vaccines inhalable antibodies, show promise enhancing offer potential improved

Language: Английский

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Pathogenesis of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection at the extremes of age: decipher the ominous tales of immune vulnerability

Advanced Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 21, 2025

The co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 has led to co-infection events, primarily affecting children older adults, who are at higher risk for severe disease. Although prevalence is relatively low, it associated with worse outcomes compared mono-infections. Previous studies have shown that the depend on multiple factors, including viral interference, virus-host interaction host response. Children elderly exhibit distinct patterns antiviral response, which involve airway epithelium, mucociliary clearance, innate adaptive immune cells, inflammatory mediators. This review explores pathogeneses co-infection, focusing responses in elderly. By comparing immature immunity senescence we aim provide insights clinical management cases.

Language: Английский

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Status and Challenges for Vaccination against Avian H9N2 Influenza Virus in China

Life, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 1326 - 1326

Published: Aug. 27, 2022

In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, AIV continuously infects humans, and its six internal genes frequently reassort viruses to generate novel that infect threatening public health. Inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been used control China for more than 20 years, they can alleviate clinical symptoms immunization, greatly reducing losses. However, AIVs still be isolated from immunized chickens recently the main epidemic subtype. A effective vaccine prevention strategy might able address current situation. Herein, we analyze status vaccination against summarize progress development provide insight better control.

Language: Английский

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Baseline innate and T cell populations are correlates of protection against symptomatic influenza virus infection independent of serology

Nature Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 1511 - 1526

Published: Aug. 17, 2023

Language: Английский

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An intranasal influenza virus-vectored vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory tissues of mice and hamsters

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 12, 2023

Abstract Current available vaccines for COVID-19 are effective in reducing severe diseases and deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection but less optimal preventing infection. Next-generation which able to induce mucosal immunity the upper respiratory prevent or reduce infections highly transmissible variants of urgently needed. We have developed an intranasal vaccine candidate based on a live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) with deleted NS1 gene that encodes cell surface expression receptor-binding-domain (RBD) spike protein, designated DelNS1-RBD4N-DAF. Immune responses protection against challenge following administration DelNS1-RBD4N-DAF were analyzed mice compared intramuscular injection BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA hamsters. LAIVs induced high levels neutralizing antibodies various hamsters stimulated robust T mice. Notably, vaccination LAIVs, not mRNA, prevented replication variants, including Delta Omicron BA.2, tissues animals. The LAIV system warrants further evaluation humans control transmission and, more significantly, creating dual function both use annual strategies.

Language: Английский

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Intranasal influenza-vectored COVID-19 vaccine restrains the SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory response in hamsters

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: July 11, 2023

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and "anatomical escape" characteristics threaten the effectiveness current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. There is an urgent need to understand immunological mechanism broad-spectrum tract protection guide broader vaccines development. Here we investigate immune responses induced by NS1-deleted influenza virus vectored intranasal COVID-19 vaccine (dNS1-RBD) which provides against SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters. Intranasal delivery dNS1-RBD induces innate immunity, trained immunity tissue-resident memory T cells covering upper lower tract. It restrains inflammatory response suppressing early phase viral load post challenge attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokine (Il6, Il1b, Ifng) levels, thereby reducing excess immune-induced tissue injury compared with control group. By inducing local cellular represents a strategy reduce burden.

Language: Английский

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