Science Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
10(104)
Published: Feb. 14, 2025
Vaccines
deliver
an
immunogen
in
a
manner
designed
to
safely
provoke
immune
response,
leading
the
generation
of
memory
T
and
B
cells
long-lived
antibody-producing
plasma
cells.
Adjuvants
play
critical
role
vaccines
by
controlling
how
system
is
exposed
providing
inflammatory
cues
that
enable
productive
priming.
However,
mechanisms
action
underlying
adjuvant
function
at
molecular,
cell,
tissue
levels
are
diverse
often
poorly
understood.
Here,
we
review
current
understanding
adjuvants
used
subunit
protein/polysaccharide
mRNA
vaccines,
discuss
where
possible
these
link
downstream
effects
on
identify
knowledge
gaps
will
be
important
fill
order
continued
development
more
effective
for
challenging
pathogens
such
as
HIV
emerging
threats.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: March 9, 2023
In
recent
years,
there
has
been
a
tremendous
development
of
biotechnological,
pharmacological,
and
medical
techniques
which
can
be
implemented
in
the
functional
modulation
immune
system
components.
Immunomodulation
attracted
much
attention
because
it
offers
direct
applications
both
basic
research
clinical
therapy.
Modulation
non-adequate,
amplified
response
enables
to
attenuate
course
disease
restore
homeostasis.
The
potential
targets
modulate
immunity
are
as
multiple
components
system,
thus
creating
various
possibilities
for
intervention.
However,
immunomodulation
faces
new
challenges
design
safer
more
efficacious
therapeutic
compounds.
This
review
cross-sectional
picture
currently
used
newest
pharmacological
interventions,
genomic
editing,
tools
regenerative
medicine
involving
immunomodulation.
We
reviewed
available
experimental
evidence
prove
efficiency,
safety,
feasibility
vitro
vivo.
also
advantages
limitations
described
techniques.
Despite
its
limitations,
is
considered
therapy
itself
or
an
adjunct
with
promising
results
developing
potential.
Journal of Clinical Investigation,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
133(10)
Published: March 23, 2023
BackgroundMaintaining
durable
immunity
following
vaccination
represents
a
major
challenge,
but
whether
mRNA
booster
improves
durability
is
unknown.MethodsWe
measured
antibody
responses
in
55
healthy
adults,
who
received
dose
of
the
Pfizer-BioNTech
or
Moderna
vaccine
against
SARS-CoV-2
and
calculated
half-life
titers.
We
also
memory
B
T
cell
subset
28
participants.
In
13
volunteers
second
vaccine,
we
serum
titers
responses.ResultsThe
(third
immunization)
at
6
to
10
months
increased
serum-neutralizing
(nAb)
76
days
from
56
66
after
primary
2-dose
vaccination.
A
(fourth
year
further
88
days.
However,
despite
this
modestly
improved
nAb
ancestral
(WA.1)
strain,
there
was
loss
neutralization
capacity
Omicron
subvariants
BA.2.75.2,
BQ.1.1,
XBB.1.5
(48-,
71-,
66-fold
drop
titers,
respectively,
relative
WA.1
strain).
Although
only
45%
65%
participants
demonstrated
detectable
titer
newer
variants
dose),
response
declined
below
detection
limit
almost
all
individuals
by
months.
contrast,
induced
antigen-specific
cells
that
persisted
for
least
months.ConclusionThe
marginally
immunizations
with
vaccines.
Immunity,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
57(4), P. 904 - 911.e4
Published: March 14, 2024
Immune
imprinting
describes
how
the
first
exposure
to
a
virus
shapes
immunological
outcomes
of
subsequent
exposures
antigenically
related
strains.
Severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus-2
(SARS-CoV-2)
Omicron
breakthrough
infections
and
bivalent
COVID-19
vaccination
primarily
recall
cross-reactive
memory
B
cells
induced
by
prior
Wuhan-Hu-1
spike
mRNA
rather
than
priming
Omicron-specific
naive
cells.
These
findings
indicate
that
immune
occurs
after
repeated
exposures,
but
whether
it
can
be
overcome
remains
unclear.
To
understand
persistence
imprinting,
we
investigated
plasma
antibody
responses
administration
updated
XBB.1.5
vaccine
booster.
We
showed
booster
elicited
neutralizing
against
current
variants
were
dominated
pre-existing
previously
spike.
Therefore,
persists
multiple
spikes
through
infection,
including
post
vaccination,
which
will
need
considered
guide
future
vaccination.
