International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(3), P. 1828 - 1828
Published: Feb. 2, 2024
Pattern
recognition
receptors
(PRRs)
recognize
danger
signals
such
as
PAMPs/MAMPs
and
DAMPs
to
initiate
a
protective
immune
response.
TLRs,
NLRs,
CLRs,
RLRs
are
well-characterized
PRRs
of
the
host
system.
cGLRs
have
been
recently
identified
PRRs.
In
humans,
cGAS/STING
signaling
pathway
is
part
cGLRs.
cGAS
recognizes
cytosolic
dsDNA
PAMP
or
DAMP
STING-dependent
response
comprising
type
1
IFN
release,
NF-κB
activation,
autophagy,
cellular
senescence.
The
present
article
discusses
emergence
critical
how
they
regulate
responses.
We
examined
role
signaling,
well-studied
cGLR
system,
in
activation
following
sections
discuss
dysregulation
disease
cross-talk
with
other
maintains
homeostasis.
This
understanding
will
lead
design
better
vaccines
immunotherapeutics
for
various
diseases,
including
infections,
autoimmunity,
cancers.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: May 25, 2022
Autoimmune
diseases
are
a
group
of
heterogeneous
with
diverse
clinical
manifestations
that
can
be
divided
into
systemic
and
organ-specific.
The
common
etiology
autoimmune
is
the
destruction
immune
tolerance
production
autoantibodies,
which
attack
specific
tissues
and/or
organs
in
body.
pathogenesis
complicated,
genetic,
environmental,
infectious,
even
psychological
factors
work
together
to
cause
aberrant
innate
adaptive
responses.
Although
exact
mechanisms
unclear,
recently,
excessive
exacerbation
pyroptosis,
as
bond
between
immunity,
has
been
proven
play
crucial
role
development
disease.
Pyroptosis
characterized
by
pore
formation
on
cell
membranes,
well
rupture
excretion
intracellular
contents
pro-inflammatory
cytokines,
such
IL-1β
IL-18.
This
overactive
inflammatory
programmed
death
disrupts
system
homeostasis
promotes
autoimmunity.
review
examines
molecular
structure
classical
inflammasomes,
including
NLRP3,
AIM2,
P2X7-NLRP3,
switches
their
regulation
mechanisms.
sophisticated
pyroptosis
pathways,
canonical
caspase-1-mediated
pathway,
noncanonical
caspase-4/5/11-mediated
emerging
caspase-3-mediated
caspase-independent
also
described.
We
highlight
recent
advances
diseases,
lupus
erythematosus,
rheumatoid
arthritis,
bowel
disease,
Sjögren’s
syndrome
dermatomyositis,
attempt
identify
its
potential
advantages
therapeutic
target
or
prognostic
marker
these
diseases.
The Innovation,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4(6), P. 100503 - 100503
Published: Aug. 29, 2023
•Insights
into
the
intricate
facets
of
immune
microenvironment
hold
key
to
pioneering
clinical
strategies
in
combatting
bacterial
infections.•The
design
principles
for
antimicrobial
biomaterials
vary
depending
on
at
different
stages
infection.•Immunomodulatory
display
robust
efficacy
and
vaccine
attributes
animals
trials,
promising
intractable
infections.
Bacterial
infectious
diseases
are
one
leading
causes
death
worldwide.
Even
with
use
multiple
antibiotic
treatment
strategies,
4.95
million
people
died
from
drug-resistant
infections
2019.
By
2050,
number
deaths
will
reach
10
annually.
The
increasing
mortality
may
be
partly
due
heterogeneity
infection
microenvironment,
such
as
bacteria,
biofilms,
persister
cells,
intracellular
small
colony
variants.
In
addition,
complexity
makes
direct
activity
unsatisfactory
long-term
chronic
attributed
failing
modulate
active
action
cells.
Therefore,
there
is
an
urgent
need
effective
alternatives
treat
Accordingly,
development
immunomodulatory
has
recently
received
considerable
interest;
however,
a
comprehensive
review
their
research
progress
lacking.
this
review,
we
focus
mainly
future
perspectives
used
infection.
First,
describe
characteristics
acute
phases
Then,
highlight
corresponding
advantages
disadvantages.
Moreover,
discuss
biomaterial-mediated
vaccines'
potential
applications
challenges
activating
innate
adaptive
memory.
This
serve
reference
studies
develop
next-generation
accelerate
translation
practice.
Journal of Hepatology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
81(5), P. 895 - 910
Published: June 20, 2024
Chronic
liver
disease
leads
to
hepatocellular
injury
that
triggers
a
pro-inflammatory
state
in
several
parenchymal
and
non-parenchymal
hepatic
cell
types,
ultimately
resulting
fibrosis,
cirrhosis,
portal
hypertension
failure.
Thus,
an
improved
understanding
of
inflammasomes
-
as
key
molecular
drivers
may
result
the
development
novel
diagnostic
or
prognostic
biomarkers
effective
therapeutics.
In
disease,
innate
immune
cells
respond
insults
by
activating
cell-intrinsic
via
toll-like
receptors
NF-κB,
releasing
cytokines
(such
IL-1β,
IL-18,
TNF-α
IL-6).
Subsequently,
adaptive
system
are
recruited
fuel
inflammation
undergo
gasdermin
D-mediated
programmed
death,
termed
pyroptosis.
With
progression,
there
is
shift
towards
type
2
inflammatory
response,
which
promotes
tissue
repair
but
also
fibrogenesis.
Inflammasome
activation
occur
at
extrahepatic
sites,
such
white
adipose
MASH
(metabolic
dysfunction-associated
steatohepatitis).
end-stage
flares
(e.g.,
severe
alcohol-related
hepatitis)
spark
on
dysfunctional
system,
contribute
inflammasome-mediated
potentially
organ
dysfunction/failure,
seen
ACLF
(acute-on-chronic
failure).
This
review
provides
overview
current
concepts
regarding
inflammasome
with
focus
related
therapeutic
approaches
being
developed
for
patients
disease.
