Psychological Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
52(10), P. 1801 - 1816
Published: July 1, 2022
Abstract
Motivational
processes
underlie
behaviors
that
enrich
the
human
experience,
and
impairments
in
motivation
are
commonly
observed
psychiatric
illness.
While
motivated
behavior
is
often
examined
with
respect
to
extrinsic
reinforcers,
not
all
actions
driven
by
reactions
external
stimuli;
some
‘intrinsic’
motivation.
Intrinsically
computationally
similar
extrinsically
behaviors,
they
strive
maximize
reward
value
minimize
punishment.
However,
our
understanding
of
neurocognitive
mechanisms
intrinsically
remains
limited.
Dysfunction
intrinsic
represents
an
important
trans-diagnostic
facet
symptomology,
but
due
a
lack
clear
consensus,
contribution
psychopathology
poorly
understood.
This
review
aims
provide
overview
conceptualization,
measurement,
neurobiology
motivation,
providing
framework
for
its
potential
contributions
treatment.
Distinctions
between
discussed,
including
divergence
types
associated
rewards
or
outcomes
drive
behavioral
action
choice.
A
useful
thus
separating
it
from
developed
suggestions
optimization
paradigms
measure
proposed.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
43(1), P. 95 - 117
Published: Feb. 20, 2020
Synaptic
plasticity,
the
activity-dependent
change
in
neuronal
connection
strength,
has
long
been
considered
an
important
component
of
learning
and
memory.
Computational
engineering
work
corroborate
power
through
directed
adjustment
weights.
Here
we
review
fundamental
elements
four
broadly
categorized
forms
synaptic
plasticity
discuss
their
functional
capabilities
limitations.
Although
standard,
correlation-based,
Hebbian
primary
focus
neuroscientists
for
decades,
it
is
inherently
limited.
Three-factor
rules
supplement
with
neuromodulation
eligibility
traces,
while
true
supervised
types
go
even
further
by
adding
objectives
instructive
signals.
Finally,
a
recently
discovered
hippocampal
form
combines
above
elements,
leaving
behind
requirement.
We
suggest
that
effort
to
determine
neural
basis
adaptive
behavior
could
benefit
from
renewed
experimental
theoretical
investigation
more
powerful
plasticity.
Genes,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
10(9), P. 720 - 720
Published: Sept. 17, 2019
Physical
activity
(PA)
has
been
central
in
the
life
of
our
species
for
most
its
history,
and
thus
shaped
physiology
during
evolution.
However,
only
recently
health
consequences
a
sedentary
lifestyle,
highly
energetic
diets,
are
becoming
clear.
It
also
acknowledged
that
lifestyle
diet
can
induce
epigenetic
modifications
which
modify
chromatin
structure
gene
expression,
causing
even
heritable
metabolic
outcomes.
Many
studies
have
shown
PA
reverse
at
least
some
unwanted
effects
contribute
delaying
brain
aging
degenerative
pathologies
such
as
Alzheimer’s
Disease,
diabetes,
multiple
sclerosis.
Most
importantly,
improves
cognitive
processes
memory,
analgesic
antidepressant
effects,
induces
sense
wellbeing,
giving
strength
to
ancient
principle
“mens
sana
corpore
sano”
(i.e.,
sound
mind
body).
In
this
review
we
will
discuss
potential
mechanisms
underlying
on
health,
focusing
hormones,
neurotrophins,
neurotransmitters,
release
is
modulated
by
PA,
well
intra-
extra-cellular
pathways
regulate
expression
genes
involved.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
8(3), P. 1644 - 1650
Published: Jan. 3, 2020
Dopamine
(DA)
is
an
important
neurotransmitter
associated
with
nerve
signaling
and
some
diseases.
Therefore,
it
very
significant
to
detect
DA
in
patients
regulate
body
function.
Compared
other
traditional
methods,
these
electrochemical
sensors
have
their
intrinsic
advantages
of
high
sensitivity,
celerity,
simplicity,
economy.
In
this
article,
a
graphene
quantum
dots/multiwalled
carbon
nanotubes
(GQDs-MWCNTs)
composite-based
ultrasensitive
sensor
for
detecting
dopamine
was
fabricated.
As
the
nanomaterials,
GQDs
large
surface
areas
improve
conductivity
electrodes,
MWCNTs
are
excellent
electrode
materials.
expected,
has
selectivity
among
interfering
bioanalytes.
Under
optimum
conditions,
exhibited
maximum
performance
toward
determination
good
linearity
broad
linear
range
0.005
100.0
μM
detection
limit
0.87
nM
(3S/N).
Furthermore,
successfully
applied
human
serum,
first
example
measure
secreted
from
live
PC12
cells
performance.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
42(1), P. 459 - 483
Published: April 24, 2019
Deciding
what
to
do
and
when
move
is
vital
our
survival.
Clinical
fundamental
studies
have
identified
basal
ganglia
circuits
as
critical
for
this
process.
The
main
input
nucleus
of
the
ganglia,
striatum,
receives
inputs
from
frontal,
sensory,
motor
cortices
interconnected
thalamic
areas
that
provide
information
about
potential
goals,
context,
actions
directly
or
indirectly
modulates
outputs.
striatum
also
dopaminergic
can
signal
reward
prediction
errors
behavioral
transitions
movement
initiation.
Here
we
review
models
how
direct
indirect
pathways
modulate
outputs
facilitate
initiation,
discuss
role
cortical
in
determining
if
it.
Complex
but
exciting
scenarios
emerge
shed
new
light
on
self-paced
