High Mountain Areas

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 131 - 202

Published: Feb. 2, 2022

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Language: Английский

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Climate change: Strategies for mitigation and adaptation

The Innovation Geoscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 100015 - 100015

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

<p>The sustainability of life on Earth is under increasing threat due to human-induced climate change. This perilous change in the Earth's caused by increases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases atmosphere, primarily emissions associated with burning fossil fuels. Over next two three decades, effects change, such as heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, storms, floods, are expected worsen, posing greater risks human health global stability. These trends call for implementation mitigation adaptation strategies. Pollution environmental degradation exacerbate existing problems make people nature more susceptible In this review, we examine current state from different perspectives. We summarize evidence Earth’s spheres, discuss emission pathways drivers analyze impact health. also explore strategies highlight key challenges reversing adapting change.</p>

Language: Английский

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Bioremediation of Soil from Petroleum Contamination

Processes, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 1224 - 1224

Published: June 20, 2022

Petroleum is the most common global fossil fuel. It a complex multi-component system mainly composed of various hydrocarbons such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, mono-, bi- and polyaromatic compounds, resins asphaltenes. In spite humanity’s need for petroleum, it negatively affects environment due to its toxicity. The ecological problem especially serious at petroleum mining sites or during transportation. Since not possible replace with less toxic fuel, ways reduce impact on be developed. This review addresses bioremediation, biological approach degradation, which performed by microbes. pathways degradation alkenes aromatic are presented in detail. effects temperature, aeration presence biogenic elements microbial discussed. Plant–microbe interactions involved bioremediation petroleum-polluted soils specifically addressed. data this point great potential practices cleaning petroleum.

Language: Английский

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How many species will Earth lose to climate change?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Climate change may be an important threat to global biodiversity, potentially leading the extinction of numerous species. But how many? There have been various attempts answer this question, sometimes yielding strikingly different estimates. Here, we review these estimates, assess their disagreements and methodology, explore might reach better Large‐scale studies estimated ~1% sampled species up ~70%, even when using same approach (species distribution models; SDMs). Nevertheless, worst‐case estimates often converge near 20%–30% loss, many differences shrink similar assumptions. We perform a new recent SDM studies, which show ~17% loss climate under scenarios. However, shows that are biased by excluding most vulnerable (those known from few localities), lead underestimating loss. Conversely, our analyses responses fundamental assumption species' climatic niches do not over time, frequently violated. For example, find mean rates positive thermal niche across ~0.02°C/year. Yet, still slower than projected ~3–4 fold. Finally, levels can combining group‐specific with projections richness (including cryptic insect species). These preliminary tentatively forecast climate‐related 14%–32% macroscopic in next ~50 years, including 3–6 million (or more) animal plant species, intermediate

Language: Английский

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Climate change extinctions

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 386(6726), P. 1123 - 1128

Published: Dec. 5, 2024

Climate change is expected to cause irreversible changes biodiversity, but predicting those risks remains uncertain. I synthesized 485 studies and more than 5 million projections produce a quantitative global assessment of climate extinctions. With increased certainty, this meta-analysis suggests that extinctions will accelerate rapidly if temperatures exceed 1.5°C. The highest-emission scenario would threaten approximately one-third species, globally. Amphibians; species from mountain, island, freshwater ecosystems; inhabiting South America, Australia, New Zealand face the greatest threats. In line with predictions, has contributed an increasing proportion observed since 1970. Besides limiting greenhouse gases, pinpointing which protect first be critical for preserving biodiversity until anthropogenic halted reversed.

Language: Английский

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Scientistsʼ Warning on Climate Change and Medicinal Plants

Planta Medica, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 86(01), P. 10 - 18

Published: Nov. 15, 2019

Abstract The recent publication of a World Scientistsʼ Warning to Humanity highlighted the fact that climate change, absent strenuous mitigation or adaptation efforts, will have profound negative effects for humanity and other species, affecting numerous aspects life. In this paper, we call attention one these aspects, change on medicinal plants. These plants provide many benefits human health, particularly in communities where Western medicine is unavailable. As their populations may be threatened by changing temperature precipitation regimes, disruption commensal relationships, increases pests pathogens, combined with anthropogenic habitat fragmentation impedes migration. Additionally, species are often harvested unsustainably, combination pressures push extinction. A second issue some respond increased environmental stresses not only declines biomass production but changes chemical content, potentially quality even safety products. We therefore recommend actions including conservation local cultivation valued plants, sustainability training harvesters certification commercial material, preservation traditional knowledge, programs monitor raw material addition to, course, efforts mitigate change.

Language: Английский

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Early Evidence of Shifts in Alpine Summit Vegetation: A Case Study From Kashmir Himalaya

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: April 24, 2020

Under the contemporary climate change, Himalaya is reported to be warming at a much higher rate than global average. However, little known about alpine vegetation responses recent change in rapidly Himalaya. Here we studied dynamics on summits Kashmir relation in-situ measured microclimate. The summits, representing an elevation gradient from treeline nival zone (3530 3740 m), were first surveyed 2014 and then re-surveyed 2018. initial survey showed that species richness, cover soil temperature decreased with increasing elevation. Species richness differed significantly, east south slopes showing values north west slopes. re-survey increased lower three but highest summit (nival zone) also revealed substantial increase of shrubs, graminoids forbs. nestedness-resultant dissimilarity, rather turnover, contributed more magnitude β-diversity among summits. High temporal turnover was found aspects, while high nestedness recorded along aspects. Thermophilization pronounced two northern Our study provides crucial scientific data impacts Himalaya, which will bridge knowledge gaps developing world.

Language: Английский

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Incorporating intraspecific variation into species distribution models improves climate change analyses of a widespread West African tree species (Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir, Fabaceae)

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 45, P. e02538 - e02538

Published: June 7, 2023

Climate change is predicted to affect species distribution worldwide. Most of the methods used evaluate such impact so far assume that respond environmental gradients in a uniform way along their range. Because populations occupying different niches may differ response climate due local adaptation, accounting for intraspecific variation models (SDMs) yield more reliable predictions widely distributed species. Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir highly valued but endangered tree species, which occurs Sudanian (SZ), Sudano-Guinean (SGZ) and Guinean (GZ) ecological zones Benin. Here, we two (whole-species intraspecific-level) SDM approaches how quantified through niche differentiation, influences potential on P. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm was employed simulate current future distributions under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios. results showed three distinct according displayed no overlap thus were considered as locally adapted. Mean diurnal range main variable determined SZ population (percent contribution 45.9%) while SGZ GZ by isothermality 58.7% 76.2%, respectively). While whole-species SDMs would lead significant reductions suitable habitats SSP2–4.5, SSP1–2.6, SSP5–8.5, based indicated high decrease habitat suitability an upward shift towards Our suggest incorporating into improves helps identify appropriate population-based conservation strategies.

Language: Английский

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Climate change and the sustainable use of medicinal plants: a call for “new” research strategies

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 3, 2025

Climate change and human activities severely impact the viability of plants ecosystems, threatening environment, biodiversity, sustainable development plant-based products. Biotic abiotic (ecosystem) determinants affect species distribution long-term survival, which in turn influence quality used as herbal medicines other high-value In recent decades, diverse anthropogenic impacts have significantly affected these aspects. change, excessive plant exploitation, habitat loss, vulnerability, factors adversely growth, reproduction, adaptation populations, well volume primary materials supplied to pharmaceutical markets. Despite growing challenges, there is limited knowledge potential strategies prevent or mitigate impacts, particularly for vulnerable collected from wild harvested traditional production systems. Hence, effective preserving increasing populations are urgently needed. this study, we propose a new framework including main sustainability better understand address vulnerability species, hence climate change. We assess applicability our proposed via seven case studies (i.e., Aquilaria malaccensis Lam., Boswellia sacra Flück., Crocus sativus L., Panax quinquefolius Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardlew., Rhodiola rosea Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov.) biogeographic realms, all widely medicinal plants. These present various challenges related their use, impacting current future status locally globally. Their economic importance, combined with rising demands specific risks overexploitation, also key considered here. The suggested products phytopharmaceutical industry emphasises that promote conservation resource use. It can be adapted requiring urgent attention.

Language: Английский

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Climate-change threats to distribution, habitats, sustainability and conservation of highly traded medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal

Ecological Indicators, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 115, P. 106435 - 106435

Published: April 29, 2020

Language: Английский

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