Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective

Cardiovascular Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 116(11), P. 1910 - 1917

Published: Jan. 24, 2020

Long-term exposure of humans to air pollution enhances the risk cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. A novel Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM) has been derived from many cohort studies, providing much-improved coverage fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We applied GEMM assess excess mortality attributable ambient on a global scale compare other factors.We used data-informed atmospheric model calculate worldwide PM2.5 ozone pollution, which was combined with estimate disease-specific loss life expectancy (LLE) in 2015. Using this model, we investigated effects different sources, distinguishing between natural (wildfires, aeolian dust) anthropogenic emissions, including fossil fuel use. all is estimated at 8.8 (7.11-10.41) million/year, an LLE 2.9 (2.3-3.5) years, being factor two higher than earlier estimates, exceeding that tobacco smoking. The mean rate about 120 per 100 000 people/year much exceeded East Asia (196 000/year) Europe (133 000/year). Without would increase by 1.1 (0.9-1.2) years 1.7 (1.4-2.0) removing potentially controllable emissions. Because dust wildfire emission control impracticable, significant unavoidable.Ambient one main health risks, causing LLE, especially through It causes rivals strongly exceeds violence (all forms together), i.e. order magnitude (LLE 0.3 respectively).

Language: Английский

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How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces' mitigation abilities for air-borne particles from a public health perspective - with implications for urban planning

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 796, P. 148605 - 148605

Published: June 24, 2021

Air pollution causes the largest death toll among environmental risks globally, but interventions to purify ambient air remain inadequate. Vegetation and green spaces have shown reductive effects on air-borne pollutants concentrations, especially of particulate matter (PM). Guidance space utilisation for quality control remains scarce, however, as does its application in practise. To strengthen foundation research interventions, we undertook a critical review state science from public health perspective. We used inter-disciplinary search strategies published reviews key scientific databases. Using PRISMA checklist, systematically identified with quantitative analyses. For each presented PM mitigation mechanisms, conducted additional searches focused most recent articles between 2016 early 2021. The included differentiate three mechanisms PM: deposition, dispersion modification. studied mechanism is particularly measures mass settling velocity plant leaves. consolidate how setups differ by scale context their potentials reduce peak exposures, stationary (point) or mobile (line) sources, potentially harmful components. assessed findings suggest diverse optimisation options concerning selection, spatial setup, ventilation maintenance – all alongside consideration supplementary vegetation like temperature water. Green spaces' concentrations are considerable, multi-mechanistic varied scale, characteristics. Such effect-modifying factors must be considered when rethinking design, accelerated COVID-19 pandemic. Weak linkages amid involved disciplines motivate development framework health-oriented guidance. conclude an urgent need integrated risk-based approach through interventions.

Language: Английский

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Aging of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Aerosol

ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. 722 - 748

Published: April 5, 2021

Emitted by numerous primary sources and formed secondary sources, atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) aerosol is chemically complex. As BrC ages in the atmosphere via a variety of chemical physical processes, its composition optical properties change significantly, altering impacts on climate. Research past decade has considerably expanded our understanding reactions both gas condensed phases. We review these recent advances aging chemistry with focus phase leading to formation, aqueous in-cloud particle reactions. Connections are made between single component proxies more complex mixtures as well laboratory field measurements chemistry. General conclusions that can darken particles over short time scales hours close source considerable photobleaching oxidative whitening will occur when day or removed from source.

Language: Английский

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Global PM2.5-attributable health burden from 1990 to 2017: Estimates from the Global Burden of disease study 2017

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 197, P. 111123 - 111123

Published: April 3, 2021

Long-term exposure to ambient and household particulate matter (PM2.5) causes death health loss, both are the leading risk factor global disease burden. We assessed spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 attributable burdens across various diseases at global, regional, national levels from 1990 2017.Data on PM2.5-attributable were extracted Global Burden Disease (GBD) study 2017. Numbers age-standardized rates (ASRs) deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) corresponding estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) by disease, age, sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), locations.Exposure contributed 4.58 million deaths 142.52 DALYs globally in 2017, among which 64.2% 58.3% DALYs. ASRs 2017 decreased 59.62/105 persons with an EAPC -2.15 (95% CI: 2.21 -2.09) 1856.61/105 -2.58 2.64 -2.51), respectively compared those 1990. Ambient Non-communicable (NCDs) have dominated major concern middle low SDI countries especially South Asia East Asia, while lower respiratory infections (LRIs) still caused largest burden Africa Asia. Those under 5 over 70 old had LRI NCDs, respectively.In conclusion, NCDs threatened public countries, countries. More positive strategies should be tailored reduce considering specific settings globally.

Language: Английский

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Global health burden of ambient PM2.5 and the contribution of anthropogenic black carbon and organic aerosols

Environment International, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 159, P. 107020 - 107020

Published: Dec. 8, 2021

Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses a major global health risk, commonly assessed by assuming equivalent toxicity for different PM2.5 constituents. We used data-informed atmospheric model and recent exposure–response functions calculate the burden of ambient from ten source categories. estimate 4.23 (95% confidence interval 3.0–6.14) million excess deaths annually PM2.5. distinguished contributions sources black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosols (POA) anthropogenic secondary (aSOA). These components make up ∼20% total in South East Asia Africa. find that domestic energy use burning solid biofuels is largest contributor BC, POA aSOA globally. Epidemiological toxicological studies indicate these compounds may be relatively more hazardous than other such as soluble salts, related their high potential inflict oxidative stress. performed sensitivity analyses considering species harmful compared PM2.5, suggested using range relative risks. show emerges leading cause mortality attributable notably acknowledge uncertainties inherent our assumed enhanced BC aerosol components, which suggest need better understand mechanisms magnitude associated risks consequences regulatory policies. However assessment importance emissions premature robust assumptions about risk.

Language: Английский

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Advances in air quality research – current and emerging challenges

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(7), P. 4615 - 4703

Published: April 11, 2022

Abstract. This review provides a community's perspective on air quality research focusing mainly developments over the past decade. The article perspectives current and future challenges as well needs for selected key topics. While this paper is not an exhaustive of all areas in field quality, we have topics that feel are important from policy perspectives. After providing short historical overview, focuses improvements characterizing sources emissions pollution, new observations instrumentation, advances prediction forecasting, understanding interactions with meteorology climate, exposure health assessment, management policy. In conducting review, specific objectives were (i) to address push boundaries forward, (ii) highlight emerging prominent gaps knowledge research, (iii) make recommendations guide direction within wider community. also identifies particular importance original concept was borne at International Conference Air Quality 2020 (held online due COVID 19 restrictions during 18–26 May 2020), but incorporates landscape literature science. On pollution highlights, particular, need reduce uncertainties diffuse sources, particulate matter chemical components, shipping emissions, considering both indoor outdoor sources. There growing integrated related ground-based remote sensing instruments, including those satellites. should capitalize area low-cost sensors, while ensuring measurements which regulated by guidelines. Connecting various physical scales modelling still continual issue, cities being affected gradients local long-range transport. At same time, one allow impacts climate change longer timescale. Earth system offers considerable potential consistent framework treating processes, especially where there significant feedbacks, such aerosols, chemistry, meteorology. Assessment consider application more sophisticated, dynamic approaches predict concentrations pollutants environments. With most health, indicating urgent understand, role particle number components terms impact, turn requires improved emission inventories models predicting high-resolution distributions these metrics cities. examines how adapt above-mentioned briefly considers implications COVID-19 pandemic quality. Finally, provide support

Language: Английский

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Mortality Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: A Review of Global Estimates

GeoHealth, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Dec. 20, 2022

Abstract Since the publication of first epidemiological study to establish connection between long‐term exposure atmospheric pollution and effects on human health, major efforts have been dedicated estimate attributable mortality burden, especially in context Global Burden Disease (GBD). In this work, we review estimates excess outdoor air at global scale, by comparing studies available literature. We find large differences estimates, which are related response functions as well number health outcomes included calculations, aspects where further improvements necessary. Furthermore, show that despite considerable advancements our understanding impacts consequent improvement accuracy their precision has not increased last decades. offer recommendations for future measurements research directions, will help improve quantification pollution‐health relationships.

Language: Английский

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The Physiological Effects of Air Pollution: Particulate Matter, Physiology and Disease

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: July 14, 2022

Nine out of 10 people breathe air that does not meet World Health Organization pollution limits. Air pollutants include gasses and particulate matter collectively are responsible for ~8 million annual deaths. Particulate is the most dangerous form pollution, causing inflammatory oxidative tissue damage. A deeper understanding physiological effects needed effective disease prevention treatment. This review will summarize impact on systems, where possible refer to apposite epidemiological toxicological studies. By discussing a broad cross-section available data, we hope this appeals wide readership provides some insight impacts human health.

Language: Английский

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Effect of Atmospheric Aging on Soot Particle Toxicity in Lung Cell Models at the Air–Liquid Interface: Differential Toxicological Impacts of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs)

Environmental Health Perspectives, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 130(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2022

Background: Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic gaseous precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to ambient fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence on their differential toxicological impact. Objectives: We aimed discriminate effects of generated by atmospheric aging combustion soot particles (SPs) (β-pinene) (naphthalene) two different lung cell models exposed at air–liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Mono- cocultures epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial (EA.hy926) were ALI for 4 h aerosol concentrations a photochemically aged mixture primary SP β-pinene (SOAβPIN-SP) naphthalene (SOANAP-SP). The internally mixed soot/SOA comprehensively characterized terms physical chemical properties. conducted toxicity tests determine cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, secondary genotoxicity, as well inflammatory angiogenic Results: observed considerable toxicity-related outcomes treated either SOA type. Greater measured SOANAP-SP compared SOAβPIN-SP both models, whereas nano-sized cores alone showed minor At functional level, we found that augmented secretion malondialdehyde interleukin-8 may have induced activation coculture system. This was confirmed comet assay, suggesting genotoxicity greater potential. Chemical characterization PM revealed distinct qualitative differences composition types. Discussion: In this study using A549 EA.hy926 ALI, compounds had than SPs. Photochemical formation more oxidized, aromatic SOAs higher potential β-pinene. Thus, conclude influence chemistry plays crucial role outcome emissions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9413

Language: Английский

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Characterisation of the correlations between oxidative potential and in vitro biological effects of PM10 at three sites in the central Mediterranean

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 448, P. 130872 - 130872

Published: Jan. 25, 2023

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major risks for global health. The exact mechanisms toxicity are still not completely understood leading to contrasting results when different metrics compared. In this work, PM10 was collected at three sites determination acellular oxidative potential (OP), intracellular stress (OSGC), cytotoxicity (MTT assay), and genotoxicity (Comet assay). in vitro tests were done on A549 cell line. objective investigate correlations among indicators, variability sites, how these influenced by main sources using PMF receptor model coupled with MLR. OPDTTV, OSGCV, strongly combustion sources. Advection African dust led lower-than-average intrinsic indicators. OPDTTV OSGCV showed site-dependent suggesting that OP may be fully representative all conditions. Cytotoxicity correlated both two out strength correlation larger OSGCV. Genotoxicity both, three. Results suggest several indicators useful gain a picture health effects PM.

Language: Английский

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