Molecules,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
27(11), P. 3402 - 3402
Published: May 25, 2022
Hundreds
of
billions
commensal
microorganisms
live
in
and
on
our
bodies,
most
which
colonize
the
gut
shortly
after
birth
stay
there
for
rest
lives.
In
animal
models,
bidirectional
communications
between
central
nervous
system
microbiota
(Gut-Brain
Axis)
have
been
extensively
studied,
it
is
clear
that
changes
composition
play
a
vital
role
pathogenesis
various
neurodevelopmental
neurodegenerative
disorders,
such
as
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder,
Alzheimer's
disease,
Parkinson's
Multiple
Sclerosis,
Amyotrophic
Lateral
anxiety,
stress,
so
on.
The
makeup
microbiome
impacted
by
variety
factors,
genetics,
health
status,
method
delivery,
environment,
nutrition,
exercise,
present
understanding
its
metabolites
preservation
brain
functioning
development
aforementioned
neurological
illnesses
summarized
this
review
article.
Furthermore,
we
discuss
current
breakthroughs
use
probiotics,
prebiotics,
synbiotics
to
address
illnesses.
Moreover,
also
discussed
boron-based
diet
memory,
boron
relation,
anti-inflammatory
agents,
diseases.
addition,
coming
years,
reagents
will
significant
improve
dysbiosis
open
new
areas
researchers.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
Pharmacological Research,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
172, P. 105840 - 105840
Published: Aug. 24, 2021
Emerging
evidence
indicates
that
the
gut
microbiota
play
a
crucial
role
in
bidirectional
communication
between
and
brain
suggesting
microbes
may
shape
neural
development,
modulate
neurotransmission
affect
behavior,
thereby
contribute
to
pathogenesis
and/or
progression
of
many
neurodevelopmental,
neuropsychiatric,
neurological
conditions.
This
review
summarizes
recent
data
on
microbiota-gut-brain
axis
pathophysiology
neuropsychiatric
disorders
including
depression,
anxiety,
schizophrenia,
autism
spectrum
disorders,
Parkinson's
disease,
migraine,
epilepsy.
Also,
involvement
co-existing
with
conditions
is
highlighted.
We
discuss
from
both
vivo
preclinical
experiments
clinical
reports
including:
(1)
studies
germ-free
animals,
(2)
exploring
composition
animal
models
diseases
or
humans,
(3)
evaluating
effects
probiotic,
prebiotic
antibiotic
treatment
as
well
(4)
fecal
transplantation.
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
546, P. 111572 - 111572
Published: Jan. 20, 2022
The
role
of
the
intestinal
microbiota
as
a
regulator
gut-brain
axis
signalling
has
risen
to
prominence
in
recent
years.
Understanding
relationship
between
gut
microbiota,
metabolites
it
produces,
and
brain
will
be
critical
for
subsequent
development
new
therapeutic
approaches,
including
identification
novel
psychobiotics.
A
key
focus
this
regard
have
been
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs)
produced
by
bacterial
fermentation
dietary
fibre,
which
include
butyrate,
acetate,
propionate.
Ongoing
research
is
focused
on
entry
SCFAs
into
systemic
circulation
from
lumen,
their
migration
cerebral
across
blood
barrier,
potential
exert
acute
chronic
effects
structure
function.
This
review
aims
discuss
our
current
mechanistic
understanding
direct
indirect
influence
that
function,
behaviour
physiology,
inform
future
microbiota-targeted
interventions
disorders.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
12(3), P. 792 - 792
Published: March 17, 2020
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
public
health
problem
and
has
prevalence
of
0.6%-1.7%
in
children.
As
well
as
psychiatric
symptoms,
dysbiosis
gastrointestinal
comorbidities
are
also
frequently
reported.
The
gut-brain
microbiota
axis
suggests
that
there
form
communication
between
the
brain
underlying
some
neurological
disabilities.
aim
this
study
to
describe
compare
composition
gut
children
with
without
ASD.Electronic
databases
were
searched
far
February
2020.
Meta-analyses
performed
using
RevMan5.3
estimate
overall
relative
abundance
bacteria
belonging
8
phyla
17
genera
ASD
controls.We
included
18
studies
assessing
total
493
404
controls.
was
mainly
composed
Bacteroidetes,
Firmicutes,
Actinobacteria,
all
which
more
abundant
than
Children
showed
significantly
higher
Bacteroides,
Parabacteroides,
Clostridium,
Faecalibacterium,
Phascolarctobacterium
lower
percentage
Coprococcus
Bifidobacterium.This
meta-analysis
may
influence
development
severity
symptomatology.
Further
required
order
obtain
stronger
evidence
effectiveness
pre-
or
probiotics
reducing
autistic
behaviors.
Gut Microbes,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11(5), P. 1246 - 1267
Published: April 21, 2020
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder
(ASD)
is
a
severe
neurodevelopmental
disorder.
To
enhance
the
understanding
of
gut
microbiota
structure
in
ASD
children
at
different
ages
as
well
relationship
between
and
fecal
metabolites,
we
first
used
16S
rRNA
sequencing
to
evaluate
microbial
population
cohort
143
aged
2–13
years
old.
We
found
that
α-diversity
group
showed
no
significant
change
with
age,
while
TD
increased
which
indicates
compositional
development
varies
ways
are
not
consistent
group.
Recent
studies
have
shown
chronic
constipation
one
most
commonly
obvious
gastrointestinal
(GI)
symptoms
along
core
symptoms.
further
investigate
potential
interaction
effects
GI
symptoms,
30
C-ASD
their
aged-matched
were
picked
out
perform
metagenomics
analysis.
observed
displayed
decreased
diversity,
depletion
species
Sutterella,
Prevotella,
Bacteroides
dysregulation
associated
metabolism
activities,
may
involve
pathogenesis
C-ASD.
Consistent
metagenomic
analysis,
liquid
chromatography-mass
spectrometry
(LC/MS)
revealed
some
differential
metabolites
involved
metabolic
network
neurotransmitters
including
serotonin,
dopamine,
histidine,
GABA.
Furthermore,
these
differences
altered
abundance
specific
bacteria.
The
study
suggested
possible
future
modalities
for
intervention
through
targeting
bacteria
neurotransmitter
metabolism.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
21(20), P. 7551 - 7551
Published: Oct. 13, 2020
The
gut
microbiome
acts
as
an
integral
part
of
the
gastrointestinal
tract
(GIT)
that
has
largest
and
vulnerable
surface
with
desirable
features
to
observe
foods,
nutrients,
environmental
factors,
well
differentiate
commensals,
invading
pathogens,
others.
It
is
well-known
a
strong
connection
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
in
context
health
disease.
A
healthy
diverse
microbes
vital
for
normal
brain
functions
emotional
behaviors.
In
addition,
CNS
controls
most
aspects
GI
physiology.
molecular
interaction
between
gut/microbiome
complex
bidirectional,
ensuring
maintenance
homeostasis
proper
digestion.
Besides
this,
several
mechanisms
have
been
proposed,
including
endocrine,
neuronal,
toll-like
receptor,
metabolites-dependent
pathways.
Changes
bidirectional
relationship
GIT
are
linked
pathogenesis
neurological
disorders;
therefore,
microbiota/gut-and-brain
axis
emerging
widely
accepted
concept.
this
review,
we
summarize
recent
findings
supporting
role
microbiota
immune
on
development
disorders.
highlight
advances
improving
diseases
by
probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics
fecal
transplantation
via
concept
gut–brain
axis.
