World Journal of Diabetes,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12(7), P. 916 - 931
Published: July 12, 2021
To
date,
metformin
remains
the
first-line
oral
glucose-lowering
drug
used
for
treatment
of
type
2
diabetes
thanks
to
its
well-established
long-term
safety
and
efficacy
profile.
Indeed,
is
most
widely
insulin-sensitizing
agent,
being
prescribed
more
than
100
million
people
worldwide,
including
patients
with
prediabetes,
insulin
resistance,
polycystic
ovary
syndrome.
However,
over
last
decades
several
observational
studies
meta-analyses
have
reported
a
significant
association
between
therapy
an
increased
prevalence
vitamin
B12
deficiency.
Of
note,
evidence
suggests
that
high-dose
impairs
status.
Vitamin
(also
referred
as
cobalamin)
water-soluble
mainly
obtained
from
animal-sourced
foods.
At
cellular
level,
acts
cofactor
enzymes
play
critical
role
in
DNA
synthesis
neuroprotection.
Thus,
deficiency
can
lead
number
clinical
consequences
include
hematologic
abnormalities
(
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(7), P. 6518 - 6518
Published: March 30, 2023
Alzheimer’s
disease
is
one
of
the
most
commonly
diagnosed
cases
senile
dementia
in
world.
It
an
incurable
process,
often
leading
to
death.
This
multifactorial,
and
factor
this
inflammation.
Numerous
mediators
secreted
by
inflammatory
cells
can
cause
neuronal
degeneration.
Neuritis
may
coexist
with
other
mechanisms
disease,
contributing
progression,
also
directly
underlie
AD.
Although
much
has
been
established
about
processes
pathogenesis
AD,
many
aspects
remain
unexplained.
The
work
devoted
particular
pathomechanism
inflammation
its
role
diagnosis
treatment.
An
in-depth
detailed
understanding
neuroinflammation
help
development
diagnostic
methods
for
early
contribute
new
therapeutic
strategies
disease.
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
4(6), P. 1747 - 1770
Published: Nov. 1, 2021
Diabetes
is
accompanied
by
several
complications.
Higher
prevalence
of
cancers,
cardiovascular
diseases,
chronic
kidney
disease
(CKD),
obesity,
osteoporosis,
and
neurodegenerative
diseases
has
been
reported
among
patients
with
diabetes.
Metformin
the
oldest
oral
antidiabetic
drug
can
improve
coexisting
complications
Clinical
trials
observational
studies
uncovered
that
metformin
remarkably
prevent
or
alleviate
polycystic
ovarian
syndrome
(PCOS),
cancer,
periodontitis,
neuronal
damage
inflammation,
inflammatory
bowel
(IBD),
tuberculosis,
COVID-19.
In
addition,
proposed
as
an
antiaging
agent.
Numerous
mechanisms
were
shown
to
be
involved
in
protective
effects
metformin.
activates
LKB1/AMPK
pathway
interact
intracellular
signaling
pathways
molecular
mechanisms.
The
modifies
biologic
function
NF-κB,
PI3K/AKT/mTOR,
SIRT1/PGC-1α,
NLRP3,
ERK,
P38
MAPK,
Wnt/β-catenin,
Nrf2,
JNK,
other
major
molecules
network.
It
also
regulates
expression
noncoding
RNAs.
Thereby,
regulate
metabolism,
growth,
proliferation,
tumorigenesis,
senescence.
Additionally,
modulates
immune
response,
autophagy,
mitophagy,
endoplasmic
reticulum
(ER)
stress,
apoptosis
exerts
epigenetic
effects.
Furthermore,
protects
against
oxidative
stress
genomic
instability,
preserves
telomere
length,
prevents
stem
cell
exhaustion.
this
review,
on
each
will
discussed
using
results
recent
meta-analyses,
clinical
trials,
studies.
Thereafter,
it
meticulously
explained
how
reprograms
alters
cellular
interactions
modify
presentations
diseases.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
26(5), P. 1967 - 1967
Published: Feb. 25, 2025
Water-soluble
B
vitamins,
mainly
obtained
through
dietary
intake
of
fruits,
vegetables,
grains,
and
dairy
products,
act
as
co-factors
in
various
biochemical
processes,
including
DNA
synthesis,
repair,
methylation,
energy
metabolism.
These
vitamins
include
B1
(Thiamine),
B2
(Riboflavin),
B3
(Niacin),
B5
(Pantothenic
Acid),
B6
(Pyridoxine),
B7
(Biotin),
B9
(Folate),
B12
(Cobalamin).
Recent
studies
have
shown
that
besides
their
fundamental
physiological
roles,
influence
oncogenic
metabolic
pathways,
glycolysis
(Warburg
effect),
mitochondrial
function,
nucleotide
biosynthesis.
Although
deficiencies
these
are
associated
with
several
complications,
emerging
evidence
suggests
excessive
specific
may
also
contribute
to
cancer
progression
interfere
therapy
due
impaired
genetic
functions.
This
review
discusses
the
tumor-suppressive
tumor-progressive
roles
cancer.
It
explores
recent
on
a
comprehensive
understanding
relationship
between
vitamin
metabolism
underscores
need
for
further
research
determine
optimal
balance
prevention
therapy.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Feb. 28, 2023
Metformin
treatment
is
associated
with
vitamin
B12
deficiency,
which
a
risk
factor
for
neuropathy.
However,
few
studies
have
examined
the
relationship
between
metformin
and
diabetic
peripheral
neuropathy
(DPN),
available
findings
are
contradictory.
We
aimed
to
assess
whether
DPN
in
patients
type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM)
Beijing,
China.All
newly
diagnosed
T2DM
January
2010
September
2012
Medical
Claim
Data
Employees
database
were
included.
was
defined
as
any
record
of
prescription.
The
average
daily
dose
during
follow-up
calculated.
admissions
occurring
after
diagnosis
database.
Hazard
ratios
(HRs)
95%
confidence
intervals
(CIs)
calculated
using
Cox
proportional
hazards
models.Among
49,705
patients,
1,933
events
recorded
median
6.36
years.
crude
incidence
rates
7.12
3.91
per
1000
person-years
treated
(N=37,052)
versus
those
not
(N=12,653).
Patients
had
an
84%
increased
compared
(HR,
1.84;
CI,
1.62,
2.10).
positively
1.48;
1.46,
1.51;
P
trend
<0.001).
1.53-fold
(1.30,
1.81)
4.31-fold
(3.76,
4.94)
higher
doses
1.0-2.0
g
>2.0
g,
respectively,
than
who
did
receive
treatment.
aged
less
60
years
(P<0.05
interaction
test).
Among
taking
at
baseline,
there
no
group
(1.92:
0.79,
4.69).In
Chinese
T2DM,
admission
this
responds
metformin.
In
particular,
use
major
younger
patients.
Concomitant
may
avoid
use.
Frontiers in Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Aug. 23, 2022
To
investigate
the
risk
and
protective
factors
of
dry
eye
disease
(DED)
in
patients
with
type
II
diabetes
mellitus
(DM).A
retrospective
cohort
study
using
Chang-
Gung
research
database
collecting
data
from
2005
to
2020.Patients
DM
were
included,
those
previous
ocular
diseases
excluded.
Ten
thousand
twenty
nine
developed
DED
(DED
group),
142,491
didn't
(non-DED
group).
The
possible
compared
analyzed
logistic
regression
model.A
majority
group
female
significantly
higher
initial
average
glycated
hemoglobin
levels,
incidence
diabetic
neuropathy
retinopathy.
In
conditional
model,
advanced
age
was
a
factor.
After
adjusting
for
sex,
age,
duration;
level,
neuropathy,
retinopathy,
nephropathy
eGFR
30
~
59
intravitreal
injection,
vitrectomy,
pan-retinal
photocoagulation,
cataract
surgery
contributing
DED.
Considering
antihyperglycemic
agents,
DPP4
inhibitor,
SGLT2
GLP-1
agonist,
insulin
monotherapy
dual
medications
combining
any
two
aforementioned
agents
against
metformin
alone.
group,
SLGT2
inhibitor
had
lowest
odds
ratio,
followed
by
GLP1
insulin.DED
is
associated
poor
control,
microvascular
complications
receiving
procedures.
SGLT-2
are
superior
alone
preventing
DM-related
A
prospective
randomized
control
trial
warranted
clarify
our
results.
Journal of Diabetes,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(10), P. 658 - 669
Published: Sept. 18, 2022
Abstract
Metformin
is
a
hypoglycemic
drug
widely
used
in
the
treatment
of
type
2
diabetes.
It
has
been
proven
to
have
analgesic
and
neuroprotective
effects.
can
reverse
pain
rodents,
such
as
diabetic
neuropathic
pain,
caused
by
chemotherapy
drugs,
inflammatory
surgical
incision.
In
clinical
use,
however,
metformin
associated
with
reduced
plasma
vitamin
B12
levels,
which
further
neuropathy.
rodent
diabetes
models,
plays
role
activating
adenosine
monophosphate‐activated
protein
kinase,
clearing
methylgloxal,
reducing
insulin
resistance,
neuroinflammation.
This
paper
also
summarized
neurological
adverse
reactions
patients.
addition,
whether
sexual
dimorphism
needs
study.
Diabetes,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
73(11), P. 1875 - 1882
Published: Aug. 21, 2024
Diabetic
peripheral
neuropathy
(DPN)
affects
∼50%
of
the
500
million
people
with
type
2
diabetes
worldwide
and
is
considered
disabling
irreversible.
The
current
study
was
undertaken
to
assess
effect
metformin
on
outcomes
in
diabetes.
Participants
(n
=
69)
receiving
were
recruited
underwent
clinical
assessment,
nerve
ultrasonography,
conduction
studies,
axonal
excitability
studies.
Also
concurrently
screened
318
participants
who
not
metformin,
69
selected
as
disease
control
subjects
matched
for
age,
sex,
duration,
BMI,
HbA1c,
use
other
therapies.
Medical
record
data
over
previous
20
years
analyzed
use.
Mean
tibial
cross-sectional
area
lower
group
(metformin
14.1
±
0.7
mm2,
nonmetformin
16.2
0.9
P
0.038),
accompanied
by
reduction
symptom
severity
(P
0.021).
Axonal
studies
demonstrated
superior
function
group,
mathematical
modeling
that
these
improvements
mediated
changes
nodal
Na+and
K+conductances.
Metformin
treatment
associated
structure
neurophysiological
measures.
Treatment
may
be
neuroprotective
DPN.
Article
Highlights
Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(5), P. 946 - 946
Published: April 27, 2022
Background.
Studies
have
demonstrated
that
patients
with
diabetes
mellitus
who
receive
metformin
a
lower
risk
of
developing
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD).
However,
studies
also
suggested
may
increase
the
PD.
In
this
study,
we
investigated
whether
use
was
associated
PD
in
type
2
(T2DM).
Methods.
population-based
cross-sectional
T2DM
diagnosed
between
2001
and
2018
were
enrolled.
We
categorized
these
as
users
or
nonusers.
Participants
below
50
years
old
excluded.
Two
models
employed
to
evaluate
associations
exposure
intensity
after
3
5
follow-up.
Results.
Patients
received
<300
cumulative
defined
daily
doses
(cDDD)
those
<10
DDD/month
had
respective
odds
ratios
(ORs)
for
0.88
(95%
confidence
interval
[CI]
=
0.83−0.94)
0.87
CI
0.81−0.93)
3-year
5-year
follow-up,
such
ORs
0.94
0.90−0.98)
0.93
0.89−0.98).
≥300
cDDD
used
≥10
experienced
no
neuroprotective
effects
years.
Conclusions.
Metformin
dose−response
association
manner.
low
dosage
PD,
while
higher
effect.
