International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(15), P. 8021 - 8021
Published: July 23, 2024
The
water-soluble
vitamin,
vitamin
B12,
also
known
as
cobalamin,
plays
a
crucial
role
in
cellular
metabolism,
particularly
DNA
synthesis,
methylation,
and
mitochondrial
functionality.
Its
deficiency
can
lead
to
hematological
neurological
disorders;
however,
the
manifestation
of
these
clinical
outcomes
is
relatively
late.
It
leads
difficulties
early
diagnosis
B12
deficiency.
A
prolonged
lack
may
have
severe
consequences
including
increased
morbidity
cardiovascular
diseases.
Beyond
inadequate
dietary
intake,
might
be
caused
by
insufficient
bioavailability,
blood
transport
disruptions,
or
impaired
uptake
metabolism.
Despite
nearly
70
years
knowledge
since
isolation
characterization
this
there
are
still
gaps
understanding
its
metabolic
pathways.
Thus,
review
aims
compile
current
about
proteins
necessary
efficiently
accumulate
process
humans,
presenting
systems
multi-protein
network.
epidemiological
consequences,
diagnosis,
treatment
highlighted.
We
discuss
warnings
based
on
ongoing
test
specific
moonlighting
engaged
Diabetes Care,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
47(Supplement_1), P. S77 - S110
Published: Dec. 11, 2023
The
American
Diabetes
Association
(ADA)
"Standards
of
Care
in
Diabetes"
includes
the
ADA's
current
clinical
practice
recommendations
and
is
intended
to
provide
components
diabetes
care,
general
treatment
goals
guidelines,
tools
evaluate
quality
care.
Members
ADA
Professional
Practice
Committee,
an
interprofessional
expert
committee,
are
responsible
for
updating
Standards
annually,
or
more
frequently
as
warranted.
For
a
detailed
description
standards,
statements,
reports,
well
evidence-grading
system
full
list
Committee
members,
please
refer
Introduction
Methodology.
Readers
who
wish
comment
on
invited
do
so
at
professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
Drug Design Development and Therapy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 17, P. 1907 - 1932
Published: June 1, 2023
Metformin
has
been
designated
as
one
of
the
most
crucial
first-line
therapeutic
agents
in
management
type
2
diabetes
mellitus.
Primarily
being
an
antihyperglycemic
agent,
metformin
also
a
plethora
pleiotropic
effects
on
various
systems
and
processes.
It
acts
majorly
by
activating
AMPK
(Adenosine
Monophosphate-Activated
Protein
Kinase)
cells
reducing
glucose
output
from
liver.
decreases
advanced
glycation
end
products
reactive
oxygen
species
production
endothelium
apart
regulating
lipid
metabolism
cardiomyocytes,
hence
minimizing
cardiovascular
risks.
Its
anticancer,
antiproliferative
apoptosis-inducing
malignant
might
prove
instrumental
malignancy
organs
like
breast,
kidney,
brain,
ovary,
lung,
endometrium.
Preclinical
studies
have
shown
some
evidence
metformin's
neuroprotective
role
Parkinson's
disease,
Alzheimer's
multiple
sclerosis
Huntington's
disease.
exerts
its
through
varied
pathways
intracellular
signalling
exact
mechanism
majority
them
remains
yet
to
be
clearly
defined.
This
article
extensively
reviewed
benefits
details
for
molecule
boon
conditions
diabetes,
prediabetes,
obesity,
polycystic
ovarian
metabolic
derangement
HIV,
cancers
aging.
Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
26(S3), P. 3 - 19
Published: May 24, 2024
Metformin
(dimethyl-biguanide)
can
claim
its
origins
in
the
use
of
Galega
officinalis
as
a
plant
treatment
for
symptoms
ascribed
to
diabetes.
Since
first
clinical
metformin
glucose-lowering
agent
1957,
this
medicine
has
emerged
first-line
pharmacological
option
support
lifestyle
interventions
management
type
2
diabetes
(T2D).
It
acts
through
multiple
cellular
pathways,
principally
gut,
liver
and
muscle,
counter
insulin
resistance
lower
blood
glucose
without
weight
gain
or
risk
overt
hypoglycaemia.
Other
effects
include
improvements
lipid
metabolism,
decreased
inflammation
long-term
cardiovascular
risk.
is
conveniently
combined
with
other
medications,
be
prescribed
prediabetes
reduce
progression
T2D,
used
some
regions
assist
glycaemic
control
pregnancy.
Consistent
diversity
actions,
established
safety
profile
cost-effectiveness,
being
assessed
further
possible
applications.
The
requires
adequate
renal
function
drug
elimination,
may
cause
initial
gastrointestinal
side
effects,
which
moderated
by
taking
meals
using
an
extended-release
formulation.
Thus,
serves
valuable
therapeutic
resource
throughout
natural
history
T2D.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
23(1), P. 398 - 398
Published: Dec. 30, 2021
Parkinson
disease
(PD)
is
a
severe
neurodegenerative
disorder
that
affects
around
2%
of
the
population
over
65
years
old.
It
characterized
by
progressive
loss
nigrostriatal
dopaminergic
neurons,
resulting
in
motor
disabilities
patients.
At
present,
only
symptomatic
cures
are
available,
without
suppressing
progression.
In
this
frame,
anti-diabetic
drug
metformin
has
been
investigated
as
potential
modifier
for
PD,
being
low-cost
and
generally
well-tolerated
medication,
which
successfully
used
decades
treatment
type
2
diabetes
mellitus.
Despite
precise
mechanisms
action
not
fully
elucidated,
known
to
influence
many
cellular
pathways
associated
with
PD
pathology.
review,
we
present
evidence
literature
supporting
neuroprotective
role
metformin,
i.e.,
autophagy
upregulation,
degradation
pathological
α-synuclein
species,
regulation
mitochondrial
functions.
The
epidemiological
studies
conducted
diabetic
patients
under
therapy
aimed
at
evaluating
correlation
between
long-term
consumption
risk
developing
also
discussed.
Finally,
provide
an
interpretation
controversial
results
obtained
both
experimental
models
clinical
studies,
thus
providing
possible
rationale
future
investigations
repositioning
therapy.
Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
24(8), P. 1423 - 1428
Published: May 2, 2022
Abstract
Metformin
blocks
the
absorption
of
vitamin
B12
through
a
mechanism
that
has
not
been
established
but
could
be
because
interference
with
calcium‐dependent
binding
intrinsic
factor
complex
to
cubam
receptor
in
terminal
ileum.
The
subsequent
deficiency
may
cause
or
accelerate
distal
symmetrical
and
autonomic
neuropathy
patient
diabetes.
Several
observational
studies
meta‐analyses
have
reported
significant
association
between
metformin
utilization
deficiency.
Prospective
shown
only
do
utilizers
lower
levels
they
also
higher
frequencies
polyneuropathy
(including
cardiac
denervation,
which
is
associated
increased
incidences
arrhythmias,
events
mortality).
Therefore,
periodic
monitoring
recommended
all
patients
who
utilize
metformin,
particularly
if
used
for
over
5
years
at
stage
hepatic
stores
would
probably
depleted.
Factors
loss
are
proton
pump
inhibitors,
bariatric
surgery,
being
elderly
having
an
turnover
red
blood
cells.
If
serum
borderline,
measurement
methylmalonic
acid
homocysteine
can
detect
its
earliest
stage.
Therapies
include
prophylactic
calcium
supplements,
withdrawal,
replenishing
intramuscular
oral
therapy
regular
supplements
continues
utilized.
With
adequate
replacement,
while
symptoms
improve,
objective
findings
stabilize
improve.
World Journal of Diabetes,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(5), P. 585 - 593
Published: May 15, 2023
Diabetes
mellitus
(DM)
is
still
one
of
the
most
common
diseases
worldwide,
and
its
prevalence
increasing
globally.
According
to
American
European
recommendations,
metformin
considered
a
first-line
oral
hypo-glycemic
drug
for
controlling
type
2
DM
(T2DM)
patients.
Metformin
ninth
often
prescribed
in
world,
at
least
120
million
diabetic
people
are
estimated
receive
drug.
In
last
20
years,
there
has
been
evidence
vitamin
B12
deficiency
among
metformin-treated
Many
studies
have
reported
that
related
ma-labsorption
T2DM
Vitamin
may
very
bad
complication
patient.
this
review,
we
will
focus
on
effect
absorption
proposed
mechanisms
hindering
absorption.
addition,
review
describe
clinical
outcomes
T2DM.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(13), P. 7183 - 7183
Published: June 29, 2024
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
gradually
worsening
neurodegenerative
disorder
affecting
the
nervous
system,
marked
by
slow
progression
and
varied
symptoms.
It
second
most
common
disease,
over
six
million
people
in
world.
Its
multifactorial
etiology
includes
environmental,
genomic,
epigenetic
factors.
Clinical
symptoms
consist
of
non-motor
motor
symptoms,
with
being
classic
presentation.
Therapeutic
approaches
encompass
pharmacological,
non-pharmacological,
surgical
interventions.
Traditional
pharmacological
treatment
consists
administering
drugs
(MAOIs,
DA,
levodopa),
while
emerging
evidence
explores
potential
antidiabetic
agents
for
neuroprotection
gene
therapy
attenuating
parkinsonian
Non-pharmacological
treatments,
such
as
exercise,
calcium-rich
diet,
adequate
vitamin
D
supplementation,
aim
to
prevent
complications.
For
those
patients
who
have
medically
induced
side
effects
and/or
refractory
surgery
therapeutic
option.
Deep
brain
stimulation
primary
option,
associated
symptom
improvement.
Levodopa/carbidopa
intestinal
gel
infusion
through
percutaneous
endoscopic
gastrojejunostomy
portable
pump
succeeded
reducing
"off"
time,
where
occur,
increasing
"on"
time.
This
article
aims
address
general
aspects
PD
provide
comparative
comprehensive
review
conventional
latest
advancements
treatments
PD.
Nevertheless,
further
studies
are
required
optimize
suitable
alternatives.
Pharmaceuticals,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(4), P. 478 - 478
Published: April 8, 2024
Metformin
is
a
synthetic
biguanide
used
as
an
antidiabetic
drug
in
type
2
diabetes
mellitus,
achieved
by
studying
the
bioactive
metabolites
of
Galega
officinalis
L.
It
also
off-label
for
various
other
diseases,
such
subclinical
diabetes,
obesity,
polycystic
ovary
syndrome,
etc.
In
addition,
metformin
proposed
add-on
therapy
several
conditions,
including
autoimmune
neurodegenerative
and
cancer.
Although
has
been
many
decades,
it
still
subject
pharmacodynamic
pharmacokinetic
studies
light
its
extensive
use.
acts
at
mitochondrial
level
inhibiting
respiratory
chain,
thus
increasing
AMP/ATP
ratio
and,
subsequently,
activating
AMP-activated
protein
kinase.
However,
mechanisms
have
proposed,
binding
to
presenilin
enhancer
2,
GLP1
release,
modification
microRNA
expression.
Regarding
pharmacokinetics,
after
oral
administration,
absorbed,
distributed,
eliminated,
mainly
through
renal
route,
using
transporters
cationic
solutes,
since
exists
ionic
molecule
physiological
pH.
this
review,
particular
consideration
paid
literature
data
from
last
10
years,
deepening
study
clinical
trials
inherent
new
uses
metformin,
differences
effectiveness
safety
observed
between
sexes,
unwanted
side
effects.
For
objective,
was
evaluated
both
VigiBase
EudraVigilance,
respectively,
WHO
European
databases
reported
adverse
reactions,
assess
extent
effects
real-life
