Transcription of Endogenous Retroviruses: Broad and Precise Mechanisms of Control DOI Creative Commons

Abigail Jarosz,

Julia V. Halo

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 1312 - 1312

Published: Aug. 17, 2024

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the remnants of retroviral germline infections and highly abundant in genomes vertebrates. At one time considered to be nothing more than inert ‘junk’ within genomes, ERVs have been tolerated host over vast timescales, their study continues reveal complex co-evolutionary histories respective species. For example, multiple instances characterized having ‘borrowed’ for normal physiology, from single copies ones involved various regulatory networks such as innate immunity during early development. Within cell, accessibility is normally tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms DNA methylation or histone modifications. However, these silencing reversible, alterations chromatin landscape can thus lead aberrant expression, observed abnormal cellular environments tumors. In this review, we focus on ERV transcriptional control draw parallels distinctions concerning loss regulation disease, well precise

Language: Английский

An atlas of transcription initiation reveals regulatory principles of gene and transposable element expression in early mammalian development DOI Creative Commons
Marlies E. Oomen, Diego Rodriguez‐Terrones, Mayuko Kurome

et al.

Cell, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

2
The Molecular Biology of Placental Transport of Calcium to the Human Foetus DOI Open Access
Valerie Walker

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 383 - 383

Published: Jan. 4, 2025

From fertilisation to delivery, calcium must be transported into and within the foetoplacental unit for intracellular signalling. This requires very rapid, precisely located Ca2+ transfers. In addition, from around eighth week of gestation, increasing amounts routed directly maternal blood foetus bone mineralisation through a flow-through system, which does not impact concentration. These different processes are mediated by numerous membrane-sited channels, transporters, exchangers. Understanding mechanisms is essential direct interventions optimise foetal development postnatal health protect mother pre-eclampsia. Ethical issues limit availability human tissue study. Our insight placental handling advancing rapidly, enabled developing genetic, analytical, computer technology. Because their diverse sources, reports new findings scattered. review aims pull data together highlight areas uncertainty. Areas needing clarification include trafficking, membrane expression, recycling channels transporters in microvilli; metabolism vitamin D gestational diabetes pre-eclampsia; vascular effects increased endothelial Orai expression pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoproteins PSG1 PSG9.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
MER57E3 transposable element subfamily co-opted for gene regulation in human early neural development DOI
Michelle A. Paz, Umut Yildiz, Minyoung Kim

et al.

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 7, 2025

Abstract Background Long dismissed as mere genomic parasites, transposable elements (TEs) are now recognized major drivers of genome evolution. TEs serve a source cell-type specific cis-regulatory elements, influencing gene expression and observable phenotypes. However, the precise TE regulatory roles in different contexts remain largely unexplored impact on transcriptional networks contribution to disease risk is likely deeply underestimated. Results Using multimapper-aware strategy, we systematically characterised epigenetic profile brain. This analysis revealed that MER57E3, primate-specific subfamily, exhibits strong enrichment for active, absence repressive, histone modifications across six brain cell types. MER57E3 copies predominantly located near zinc finger genes enriched homeodomain motifs by brain-specific transcription factors, including GBX1 BSX. Upon CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) targeting copies, RNA-seq demonstrated downregulation key neurogenesis-related PAX6 NEUROG2. Conclusions Our data indicate members subfamily regulate critical neurogenesis during neural progenitor (NPC) development. Moreover, this study emphasises importance characterising TEs, offering new insights into how their dysregulation may contribute pathogenesis neurodevelopmental disorders.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Transposable element dynamics in Xenopus laevis embryogenesis: a tale of two coexisting subgenomes DOI Creative Commons

Edith Tittarelli,

Elisa Carotti, Federica Carducci

et al.

Mobile DNA, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: April 9, 2025

Abstract The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis has an allotetraploid genome consisting of two subgenomes referred as L relating to the Long chromosomes and S Short chromosomes. While subgenome presents conserved synteny with X. tropicalis chromosomes, undergone rearrangements deletions leading differences in gene transposable element (TE) content between subgenomes. asymmetry evolution is also detectable expression levels TE mobility. TEs, known “jumping genes”, are mobile genetic elements having a key role regulation. However, due their potential deleterious effects, TEs controlled by host defense mechanisms such nucleosome remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) complex Argonaute proteins that mainly modify heterochromatin environment. In embryogenesis, can escape silencing during maternal-to-zygotic transition when transcriptionally permissive environment created. Moreover, further evidence highlighted reactivation early developmental stages not result this genome-wide reorganization chromatin but it class stage-specific, suggesting precise line these premises, we explored impact transcriptional contribution six . Overall, pattern entire set transcribed was constant across abundance genome. focusing on subgenome-specific our analyses revealed distinctive dominated LTR retroelements LINE attributable young copies. Interestingly, genes encoding involved maintaining repressive were active both highlighting controlling systems embryogenesis evolved symmetrically.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Repetitive Sequence Stability in Embryonic Stem Cells DOI Open Access
Guang Shi,

Qianwen Pang,

Zhancheng Lin

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(16), P. 8819 - 8819

Published: Aug. 13, 2024

Repetitive sequences play an indispensable role in gene expression, transcriptional regulation, and chromosome arrangements through trans cis regulation. In this review, focusing on recent advances, we summarize the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of repetitive embryonic stem cells. We aim to bridge knowledge gap by discussing DNA damage repair pathway choices summarizing significance chromatin organization response damage. By consolidating these insights, underscore critical relationship between stability early development, seeking provide a deeper understanding sequence setting stage for further research potential therapeutic strategies developmental biology regenerative medicine.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
RNaseH-based ribodepletion of total planarian RNA improves detection of longer and non-polyadenylated transcripts DOI
Pallob Barai,

S B Biswas,

Prince Verma

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 21, 2024

The overwhelming majority of RNA species isolated from cells or tissues using organic extraction are ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), whereas a relatively small percentage messenger (mRNA). For studies that seek to detect mRNA transcripts and measure changes in their expression, this lopsided ratio desired undesired creates significant challenge obtaining sensitive reproducible results. One method for improving detection is selectively amplify polyadenylated (polyA) molecules when generating RNA-seq libraries, strategy generally very successful many species. However, less effective starting with total some e.g., the planarian

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Transcription of Endogenous Retroviruses: Broad and Precise Mechanisms of Control DOI Creative Commons

Abigail Jarosz,

Julia V. Halo

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 1312 - 1312

Published: Aug. 17, 2024

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the remnants of retroviral germline infections and highly abundant in genomes vertebrates. At one time considered to be nothing more than inert ‘junk’ within genomes, ERVs have been tolerated host over vast timescales, their study continues reveal complex co-evolutionary histories respective species. For example, multiple instances characterized having ‘borrowed’ for normal physiology, from single copies ones involved various regulatory networks such as innate immunity during early development. Within cell, accessibility is normally tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms DNA methylation or histone modifications. However, these silencing reversible, alterations chromatin landscape can thus lead aberrant expression, observed abnormal cellular environments tumors. In this review, we focus on ERV transcriptional control draw parallels distinctions concerning loss regulation disease, well precise

Language: Английский

Citations

0