Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: May 16, 2019
S100
proteins
are
calcium-binding
that
regulate
several
processes
associated
with
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
but
whose
contribution
and
direct
involvement
in
pathophysiology
remains
to
be
fully
established.
Due
neuroinflammation
AD
patients,
the
levels
of
increased
brain
some
S100s
play
roles
related
processing
amyloid
precursor
protein
(APP),
regulation
beta
peptide
(Aβ)
Tau
phosphorylation.
found
inclusions,
either
within
plaques
or
as
isolated
S100-positive
puncta,
which
suggests
an
active
role
formation
aggregates.
Indeed,
interactions
between
aggregating
Aβ
indicate
regulatory
over
aggregation
process,
may
delay
aggravate
aggregation,
depending
on
stage
relative
levels.
Additionally,
also
known
influence
AD-related
signaling
pathways
other
cytokines.
Recent
evidence
metal-ligation
by
influences
trace
metal
homeostasis
brain,
particularly
zinc,
is
a
major
deregulated
process
AD.
Altogether,
this
strongly
key
players
AD-linked
physiopathological
processes,
we
discuss
review.
Accounts of Chemical Research,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
48(5), P. 1332 - 1339
Published: May 6, 2015
ConspectusWith
the
increase
of
life
expectancy
humans
in
more
than
two-thirds
countries
World,
aging
diseases
are
becoming
frontline
health
problems.
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
is
now
one
major
challenges
drug
discovery,
since,
with
exception
memantine
2003,
all
clinical
trials
candidates
failed
over
past
decade.
If
we
consider
that
loss
neurons
due
to
a
high
level
oxidative
stress
produced
by
nonregulated
redox
active
metal
ions
like
copper
linked
amyloids
different
sizes,
regulation
homeostasis
key
target.
The
difficulty
for
large
copper-carrier
proteins
directly
extract
from
metalated
might
be
considered
as
being
at
origin
rupture
AD
brains.
So,
there
an
urgent
need
new
specific
chelators
should
able
regulate
ions,
specially
and
iron,
brains.As
consequence
concept,
promoting
excretion
brain
not
desired.
One
favor
ligands
sinks
(amyloids
one)
transfer
these
redox-active
or
copper-containing
enzymes.
Obviously,
affinity
ion
sufficient
criterion,
but
specificity
ability
release
under
biological
conditions
considered.Such
approach
still
largely
unexplored.
requirements
very
(ability
cross
brain–blood
barrier,
lack
toxicity,
etc.),
few
chemical
series
were
proposed,
and,
among
them,
biochemical
data
scarce.
As
matter
fact,
bioinorganic
pharmacology
represents
less
1%
articles
dedicated
research.
part
deals
old
rather
toxic
drug,
clioquinol
related
analogs,
do
efficiently
soluble
amyloids.We
have
designed
developed
tetradendate
such
21
PA1637
based
on
bis(8-aminoquinolines)
chelation
copper(II)
then
can
upon
reduction
reducing
agent.
These
studies
contribute
understanding
physicochemical
properties
tetradentate
compared
bidentate
clioquinol.
ligands,
PA1637,
after
selection
nontransgenic
mouse
model
monitor
episodic
memory,
currently
preclinical
development.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: May 16, 2019
S100
proteins
are
calcium-binding
that
regulate
several
processes
associated
with
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
but
whose
contribution
and
direct
involvement
in
pathophysiology
remains
to
be
fully
established.
Due
neuroinflammation
AD
patients,
the
levels
of
increased
brain
some
S100s
play
roles
related
processing
amyloid
precursor
protein
(APP),
regulation
beta
peptide
(Aβ)
Tau
phosphorylation.
found
inclusions,
either
within
plaques
or
as
isolated
S100-positive
puncta,
which
suggests
an
active
role
formation
aggregates.
Indeed,
interactions
between
aggregating
Aβ
indicate
regulatory
over
aggregation
process,
may
delay
aggravate
aggregation,
depending
on
stage
relative
levels.
Additionally,
also
known
influence
AD-related
signaling
pathways
other
cytokines.
Recent
evidence
metal-ligation
by
influences
trace
metal
homeostasis
brain,
particularly
zinc,
is
a
major
deregulated
process
AD.
Altogether,
this
strongly
key
players
AD-linked
physiopathological
processes,
we
discuss
review.