Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
8, P. 7 - 27
Published: Feb. 3, 2025
Adipose
tissue
has
morphological
heterogeneity.
Currently,
five
types
of
fat
cells
are
known:
white,
beige,
brown,
yellow
and
pink
adipocytes.
In
the
future,
we
will
consider
beige
brown
The
main
pathological
role
in
development
obesity
a
number
other
metabolic
diseases
is
played
by
white
adipose
tissue.
function
energy
storage
adipocytes
well
known.
However,
conditions,
mass
can
increase
significantly,
amounting
to
more
than
70%
total
body
weight.
addition,
prone
inflammation
production
biologically
active
substances
-
adipokines.
Many
adipokines
negatively
affect
musculoskeletal
bone
tissues,
exacerbate
systemic
chronic
severity
polymorbid
pathology.
At
same
time,
tissue,
due
its
pronounced
ability
heat
(thermogenesis),
protective
properties.
Activation
stimulation
transformation
into
ones
(the
so-called
“browning”)
with
help
physical
activity,
medications
dietary
supplements
seems
promising.
These
methods
be
successfully
used
combat
overweight
obesity.
modern
advances
genetics
transplantology
allow
us
hope
for
future
use
adipocyte
transplantation
patients
who
suffer
from
severe
Research
on
interrelationships
muscles,
cardiovascular,
nervous,
endocrine
systems
continue.
Undoubtedly,
there
many
interesting
scientific
discoveries
made
medical
science.
Molecular Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
57, P. 101393 - 101393
Published: Nov. 14, 2021
Obesity
develops
due
to
an
imbalance
in
energy
homeostasis,
wherein
intake
exceeds
expenditure.
Accumulating
evidence
shows
that
manipulations
of
dietary
protein
and
their
component
amino
acids
affect
the
balance,
resulting
changes
fat
mass
body
weight.
Amino
are
not
only
building
blocks
proteins
but
also
serve
as
signals
regulating
multiple
biological
pathways.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(8), P. 4325 - 4325
Published: April 13, 2022
Branched-chain
amino
acids
(BCAAs)
include
leucine,
isoleucine,
and
valine.
Mammalians
cannot
synthesize
these
de
novo
must
acquire
them
through
their
diet.
High
levels
of
BCAAs
are
associated
with
insulin
resistance;
type
2
diabetes;
obesity;
non-metabolic
diseases,
including
several
forms
cancer.
BCAAs—in
particular
leucine—activate
the
rapamycin
complex1
mTORC1,
which
regulates
cell
growth
metabolism,
glucose
metabolism
more
essential
physiological
processes.
Diets
rich
in
metabolic
diseases
(listed
above),
while
diets
low
generally
reported
to
promote
health.
As
for
dysregulation
caused
by
high
BCAAs,
recent
studies
propose
that
accumulation
acyl-carnitine
diacyl-CoA
muscles
alters
lipid
metabolism.
However,
this
suggestion
is
not
broadly
accepted.
On
clinical
grounds,
pre-
post-operative
profiles
candidate
patients
bariatric
surgery
being
used
select
optimal
procedure
each
individual
patient.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(9), P. 4759 - 4759
Published: April 26, 2022
The
discovery
of
functional
brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
in
adult
humans
and
the
possibility
to
recruit
beige
cells
with
high
thermogenic
potential
within
white
(WAT)
depots
opened
field
for
new
strategies
combat
obesity
its
associated
comorbidities.
Exercise
training
as
well
cold
exposure
dietary
components
are
enhanced
accumulation
metabolically-active
adipocytes
BAT
activation.
Both
activated
increase
their
metabolic
rate
by
utilizing
lipids
generate
heat
via
non-shivering
thermogenesis,
which
is
dependent
on
uncoupling
protein
1
(UCP1)
inner
mitochondrial
membrane.
Non-shivering
thermogenesis
elevates
energy
expenditure
promotes
a
negative
balance,
may
ameliorate
complications
Type
2
Diabetes
Mellitus
(T2DM)
such
insulin
resistance
(IR)
skeletal
muscle
tissue.
Despite
recent
advances
pharmacological
approaches
reduce
IR
inducing
WAT,
administered
compounds
often
unwanted
side
effects.
Therefore,
lifestyle
interventions
exercise,
exposure,
and/or
specified
regimens
present
promising
anchor
points
future
disease
prevention
treatment
T2DM.
exact
mechanisms
where
interventions,
treatments
converge
or
rather
diverge
specific
impact
activation
WAT
browning
difficult
determine.
In
past,
many
reviews
have
demonstrated
mechanistic
principles
exercise-
cold-induced
browning.
this
review,
we
aim
summarize
not
only
current
state
knowledge
various
diverse
external
stimuli
browning,
but
also
translational
clinical
applications.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(2), P. 1724 - 1724
Published: Jan. 15, 2023
The
most
frequent
alterations
in
plasma
amino
acid
concentrations
type
1
and
2
diabetes
are
decreased
L-serine
increased
branched-chain
(BCAA;
valine,
leucine,
isoleucine)
levels.
likely
cause
of
deficiency
is
synthesis
3-phosphoglycerate,
the
main
endogenous
precursor
L-serine,
due
to
impaired
glycolysis.
BCAA
levels
increase
supply
pyruvate
oxaloacetate
from
glycolysis,
enhanced
NADH
+
H+
beta-oxidation,
subsequent
decrease
flux
through
citric
cycle
muscles.
These
α-ketoglutarate
for
transamination
activity
keto
dehydrogenase,
rate-limiting
enzyme
catabolism.
contributes
phospholipids
deoxysphinganines,
which
play
a
role
diabetic
neuropathy,
homocysteine
disposal,
glycine
deficiency.
Enhanced
contribute
aromatic
acids
(phenylalanine,
tyrosine,
tryptophan),
insulin
resistance,
accumulation
various
metabolites,
whose
influence
on
progression
not
clear.
It
concluded
that
should
be
monitored
patients
with
diabetes,
systematic
investigation
needed
examine
effects
supplementation
when
these
decreased.
Archives of Animal Nutrition,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 1 - 16
Published: Jan. 17, 2025
An
experiment
was
conducted
to
assess
the
effects
of
BCAA
and
their
interactions
on
performance,
carcass
composition,
lipid
metabolism,
liver
health,
intestinal
morphometry
in
broiler
chickens.
Male
chickens
(n
=
1080)
were
randomly
assigned
into
floor
pens
a
3
×
factorial
design
with
dietary
ratios
SID
Leu:Lys
(110,
150,
190%),
Ile-Val:Lys
(68–77,
78–87,
88–97%).
Performance
parameters
assessed
from
1
35
days
age.
Additionally,
blood
parameters,
composition
through
DEXA
analysis,
small
intestine
evaluated
birds
at
Data
subjected
ANOVA
Tukey
Test
used
determine
differences
between
treatments
(p
≤
0.05).
Feed
intake,
feed
conversion
ratio,
body
fat
reduced
when
increased
68–77
88–97%
<
Serum
glucose,
total
cholesterol,
triglycerides
influenced
by
Alkaline
phosphatase
gamma-glutamyl
transferase
levels
ratio
110
190%
However,
alanine
aminotransferase
both
190%,
88–97%,
respectively
The
highest
resulted
villus
height-to-crypt
depth
all
three
portions
intestine,
whereas
only
jejunum
ileum
In
conclusion,
results
this
study
provide
valuable
insights
inclusion
diets
content,
morphometry,
health.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
68(17), P. 4876 - 4883
Published: April 15, 2020
Some
amino
acids
(AAs)
have
been
proven
to
suppress
fat
mass
and
improve
insulin
sensitivity.
However,
the
impact
of
important
essential
AAs,
threonine,
lysine,
methionine,
on
obesity
has
not
clarified.
In
present
study,
after
an
8
week
period
induction,
mice
were
grouped
receive
either
a
high-fat
diet
(HFD)
or
HFD
supplemented
with
methionine
(3%
in
drinking
water)
for
another
10
weeks.
The
results
showed
that
dietary
supplementation
threonine
significantly
decreased
body
weight,
epididymal
perirenal
pad
weights,
serum
concentrations
glucose,
triacylglycerols,
total
cholesterol,
LDL-cholesterol
compared
group.
HOMA-IR
leptin
adiponectin
improved
by
supplementation.
adipose
tissue,
treatment
down-regulated
expression
levels
lipogenesis
up-regulated
expressions
lipolysis
Threonine
addition
stimulated
UCP-1
related
genes
brown
tissue.
lysine
little
effect
WAT
lipid
profiles,
lipid-metabolism-related
gene
HFD-fed
mice.
These
findings
suggest
inhibited
metabolism
already
obese
mice,
providing
potential
agent
treating
obesity.
Nutrition and Diabetes,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: April 13, 2022
Abstract
Objective
Current
data
regarding
the
roles
of
branched-chain
amino
acids
(BCAA)
in
metabolic
health
are
rather
conflicting,
as
positive
and
negative
effects
have
been
attributed
to
their
intake.
Methods
To
address
this,
individual
leucine
valine
were
elucidated
vivo
(C57BL/6JRj
mice)
with
a
detailed
phenotyping
these
supplementations
high-fat
(HF)
diets
further
characterization
vitro
approaches
(C2C12
myocytes).
Results
Here,
we
demonstrate
that
under
HF
conditions,
mediates
beneficial
on
adiposity
insulin
sensitivity,
part
due
increasing
energy
expenditure—likely
contributing
partially
higher
milk
protein
On
other
hand,
feeding
leads
worsening
HF-induced
impairments,
specifically
reducing
glucose
tolerance/insulin
sensitivity.
These
driven
by
an
accumulation
valine-derived
metabolite
3-hydroxyisobutyrate
(3-HIB).
Higher
plasma
3-HIB
levels
increase
basal
skeletal
muscle
uptake
which
drives
glucotoxicity
impairs
myocyte
signaling.
Conclusion
detrimental
role
context
elucidate
additional
targetable
pathways
etiology
BCAA-induced
obesity
resistance.
Medicina,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
59(6), P. 1119 - 1119
Published: June 9, 2023
Alarming
statistics
show
that
the
number
of
people
affected
by
excessive
weight
has
surpassed
2
billion,
representing
approximately
30%
world's
population.
The
aim
this
review
is
to
provide
a
comprehensive
overview
one
most
serious
public
health
problems,
considering
obesity
requires
an
integrative
approach
takes
into
account
its
complex
etiology,
including
genetic,
environmental,
and
lifestyle
factors.
Only
understanding
connections
between
many
contributors
synergy
treatment
interventions
can
ensure
satisfactory
outcomes
in
reducing
obesity.
Mechanisms
such
as
oxidative
stress,
chronic
inflammation,
dysbiosis
play
crucial
role
pathogenesis
associated
complications.
Compounding
factors
deleterious
effects
novel
challenge
posed
obesogenic
digital
(food)
environment,
stigma
with
should
not
be
overlooked.
Preclinical
research
animal
models
been
instrumental
elucidating
these
mechanisms,
translation
clinical
practice
provided
promising
therapeutic
options,
epigenetic
approaches,
pharmacotherapy,
bariatric
surgery.
However,
more
studies
are
necessary
discover
new
compounds
target
key
metabolic
pathways,
innovative
ways
deliver
drugs,
optimal
combinations
allopathic
treatments,
and,
last
but
least,
emerging
biological
markers
for
effective
monitoring.
With
each
passing
day,
crisis
tightens
grip,
threatening
only
individual
lives
also
burdening
healthcare
systems
societies
at
large.
It
high
time
we
took
action
confront
urgent
imperative
address
escalating
global
head-on.
