Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(17)
Published: Jan. 10, 2022
Abstract Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and most promising candidate energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use a multitude of industrial private applications leads to need recycling reutilization their constituent components. Improving “recycling technology” lithium ion is continuous effort far from maturity today. The complexity with varying active inactive material chemistries interferes desire establish one robust procedure all kinds batteries. Therefore, current state art needs be analyzed, improved, adapted coming cell paper provides an overview regulations new battery directive demands. It covers practices collection, sorting, transportation, handling, recycling. Future generations will further increase diversity chemistry this presents predictions related challenges future regard materials chemical composition, discusses approaches
Language: Английский
Citations
528Building Practical High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(52)
Published: March 25, 2022
Abstract It has long been a global imperative to develop high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) meet the ever‐growing electric vehicle market. One of most effective strategies for boosting energy density LIBs is increase output voltage, which largely depends upon cathode materials. As most‐promising cathodes high‐voltage (>4 V vs Li/Li + ), four major categories including lithium‐rich layered oxides, nickel‐rich spinel and polyanionic compounds still encounter severe challenges realize improvement voltage while maintaining high capacity, fast rate capability, service life. This review focuses on key links in development materials from lab industrialization. First, failure mechanisms kinds are clarified, optimization strategies, particularly solutions that easy large‐scale production, considered. Then, bridge gap between industry, cost management, safety assessment, practical battery‐performance evaluation, sustainability battery technologies, discussed. Finally, tough promising commercialization summarized promote application with densities.
Language: Английский
Citations
237A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Principles, Challenges and Opportunities
Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(14)
Published: Feb. 3, 2023
Abstract As the dominant means of energy storage technology today, widespread deployment lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) would inevitably generate countless spent at their end life. From perspectives environmental protection and resource sustainability, recycling is a necessary strategy to manage end‐of‐life LIBs. Compared with traditional hydrometallurgical pyrometallurgical methods, emerging direct technology, rejuvenating electrode materials via non‐destructive way, has attracted rising attention due its efficient processes along increased economic return reduced CO 2 footprint. This review investigates state‐of‐the‐art technologies based on effective relithiation through solid‐state, aqueous, eutectic solution ionic liquid mediums thoroughly discusses underlying regeneration mechanism each method regarding different battery chemistries. It concluded that can be more energy‐efficient, cost‐effective, sustainable way recycle LIBs compared approaches. Additionally, it also identified still in infancy several fundamental technological hurdles such as separation, binder removal electrolyte recovery. In addressing these remaining challenges, this proposes an outlook potential technical avenues accelerate development toward industrial applications.
Language: Английский
Citations
146Investigating carbon footprint and carbon reduction potential using a cradle-to-cradle LCA approach on lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in China
Journal of Cleaner Production, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 369, P. 133342 - 133342
Published: July 31, 2022
Language: Английский
Citations
137Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method
Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(5), P. 2839 - 2887
Published: March 1, 2024
The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about disposal recycling spent batteries. However, rate worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit promotion battery rate: outdated technology most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based methods rely on continuous decomposition extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes many chemical reagents. These are tedious worse economic feasibility, products mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify process improve benefits, novel in urgent demand, direct recycling/regeneration therefore proposed a next-generation method. Herein, comprehensive review origin, current status, prospect provided. We have systematically analyzed summarized their limitations, pointing out necessity developing methods. A detailed analysis for discussions advantages, obstacles conducted. Guidance future toward large-scale industrialization well green efficient systems also
Language: Английский
Citations
137Long‐Life Regenerated LiFePO4 from Spent Cathode by Elevating the d‐Band Center of Fe
Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 35(5)
Published: Oct. 27, 2022
A large amount of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) has been produced in recent years because it is one the most widely used cathode materials for electric vehicles. The traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods are doubted economic environmental benefits; direct regeneration method considered a promising way to recycle LFP. However, performance regenerated LFP by not ideal due migration Fe ions during cycling irreversible phase transition caused sluggish Li+ diffusion. key addressing challenge immobilize atoms lattice improve capability cycling. In this work, using environmentally friendly ethanol, its stability promoted elevating d-band center via construction heterogeneous interface between nitrogen-doped carbon. FeO bonding strengthened suppressed elevated center. diffusion kinetics improved, leading an excellent reversibility transition. Therefore, exhibits ultrastable at high rate 10 C with ≈80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
Language: Английский
Citations
117Advances and challenges in anode graphite recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 439, P. 129678 - 129678
Published: July 26, 2022
Language: Английский
Citations
106Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(36)
Published: July 30, 2022
Abstract Explosively increased market penetration of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and stationary energy storage devices has recently aroused new concerns on nonrenewable metal resources environmental pollution because the forthcoming wave retired popularized LIBs. Recycling LIBs an environmentally sustainable cost‐effective way thus becomes much urgent imperative. As a preferable route, direct regeneration strategy been innovatively proposed to repair degraded cathode materials under non‐destructive conditions, which exhibits tremendous superiority compared conventional metallurgical method that just emphasizes recovery target elements. Nevertheless, development methods for is still infancy, there remain many scientific technological obstructions conquer. It even absent thorough summaries assessments this kind avenue so far. In review, current states various approaches from regenerative processes, principles, merits, challenges aspects are summarized, highlighting extraordinary importance constructing really‐green closed loop industry future and, more significantly, turn providing profound insights into rationally designing advanced at industrial scale.
Language: Английский
Citations
102Enabling Future Closed‐loop Recycling of Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries: Direct Cathode Regeneration
Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(36)
Published: April 4, 2023
The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles equipped with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents serious waste management challenges and environmental hazards for recyclers after scrap. Closed-loop recycling contributes to the sustainable development plays an important role in mitigating raw material shortages supply chain risks. Herein, current direct cathode regeneration methods industrialized are outlined evaluated. Different spent materials summarized, which provide a new perspective realizing closed-loop LIBs. A reference route retrofitting existing production lines is proposed minimizes costs. In addition promoting industrialization recycling, environmental, economic, political benefits battery also highlighted.
Language: Английский
Citations
98A Ternary Molten Salt Approach for Direct Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode
Small, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(43)
Published: Feb. 18, 2022
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an urgent task in view of the resource shortage and environmental concerns. Here, a facile ternary molten salt approach presented for efficiently regenerating LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 (NCM523) cathode LIBs. Such involves treatment powder at moderate temperature (400 °C) subsequent annealing oxygen. The Li loss degraded phases NCM that cause capacity decay can be fully remedied after regeneration process. As result, regenerated delivers reversible 160 mAh g-1 0.5 C with retention 93.7% 100 cycles maintains high 132 rate 5 C. electrochemical performance compared favorably to fresh cathode, which demonstrates feasibility directly regenerate cathode.
Language: Английский
Citations
93