Potential of Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Biomedical Applications in the Central Nervous System

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: May 5, 2020

It is well known that the central nervous system (CNS) has a limited regenerative capacity and many therapeutic molecules cannot cross blood brain barrier (BBB). The use of biomaterials emerged as an alternative to overcome these limitations. For years, biomedical applications chitosan have been studied due its remarkable biological properties, biocompatibility, high versatility. Moreover, interest in this biomaterial for CNS implementation increased because ability BBB, mucoadhesiveness, hydrogel formation capacity. Several chitosan-based applied with promising results drug, cell gene delivery vehicles. their form porous scaffolds bear cells biomolecules offered way achieve neural regeneration. Therefore, review aims bring together recent works highlight potential derivatives adequate directed toward CNS. First, overview provided emphasis on properties favor different applications. Second, compilation employ drug delivery, therapy, tissue engineering, medicine presented. Finally, most interesting trends future perspectives are shown.

Language: Английский

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Development of Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics: Challenges, Considerations, and Opportunities

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Sept. 20, 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise as therapeutic modalities due to their endogenous characteristics, however, further bioengineering refinement is required address clinical and commercial limitations. Clinical applications of EV-based therapeutics are being trialed in immunomodulation, tissue regeneration recovery, delivery vectors for combination therapies. Native/biological EVs possess diverse properties that offer stability facilitate crossing biological barriers molecular cargo cells, acting a form intercellular communication regulate function phenotype. Moreover, important components paracrine signaling stem/progenitor cell-based therapies, employed standalone can be used drug system. Despite remarkable utility native/biological EVs, they improved using bio/engineering approaches potential. engineered harbor specific pharmaceutical content, enhance stability, modify surface epitopes tropism targeting cells tissues vivo. Limitations currently challenging the full realization include scalability standardization generation, characterization design regulation, potency assessment, targeted delivery. The fields' utilization advanced technologies (imaging, quantitative analyses, multi-omics, labeling/live-cell reporters), biocompatible natural sources producing (plants, bacteria, milk) will play an role overcoming these Advancements EV engineering methodologies development therapeutics, revolutionizing current landscape.

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: The Need for Inclusive Characterization Guidelines to Accommodate All Tissue Sources and Species

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Feb. 16, 2021

Following their discovery over 50 years ago, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have become one of the most studied cellular therapeutic products by both academia and industry due to regenerative potential immunomodulatory properties. The promise MSCs as a modality has been demonstrated preclinical data yet not translated consistent, successful clinical trial results in humans. Despite disparities across field, MSC shareholders are unified under common goal—to use improve quality life for those suffering from malady which standard care is suboptimal or no longer effective. Currently, there Food Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy on market United States although several granted regulatory approval other countries. In this review, we intend identify hurdles that impeding progress discuss strategies may aid accomplishing universal goal widespread use.

Language: Английский

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Stem Cells and Exosomes: New Therapies for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Cells, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 2241 - 2241

Published: Aug. 29, 2021

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) occurs as a result of an imbalance the anabolic and catabolic processes in intervertebral disc, leading to alteration composition extracellular matrix (ECM), loss nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, excessive oxidative stress inflammation. Degeneration IVD naturally with age, but mechanical trauma, lifestyle factors certain genetic abnormalities can increase likelihood symptomatic disease progression. IVDD, often referred degenerative (DDD), poses increasingly substantial financial burden due aging population increasing incidence obesity United States. Current treatments for IVDD include pharmacological surgical interventions, these lack ability stop progression restore functionality IVD. Biological therapies have been evaluated show varying degrees efficacy reversing long-term. Stem cell-based shown promising results regeneration IVD, face both biological ethical limitations. Exosomes play important role intercellular communication, stem cell-derived exosomes maintain therapeutic benefit their origin cells without associated risks. This review highlights current state research on use stem-cell derived treatment IVDD.

Language: Английский

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Isolation and analysis methods of extracellular vesicles (EVs)

Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids is an open access journal, focusing on extracellular vesicles circulating nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, miRNA their therapeutic use.

Language: Английский

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Comparative analysis of tangential flow filtration and ultracentrifugation, both combined with subsequent size exclusion chromatography, for the isolation of small extracellular vesicles

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2022

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) provide major promise for advances in cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics, ascribed to their distinctive cargo reflective of pathophysiological status, active involvement intercellular communication, as well ubiquity stability bodily fluids. As a result, the field sEV research has expanded exponentially. Nevertheless, there is lack standardisation methods isolation from cells grown serum-containing media. The majority researchers use media harvest employ ultracentrifugation primary method. Ultracentrifugation inefficient it devoid capacity isolate high yields without contamination non-sEV materials or disruption integrity. We comprehensively evaluated protocol using tangential flow filtration size exclusion chromatography sEVs variety human murine cell lines, including HeLa, MDA-MB-231, EO771 B16F10. directly compared performance traditional methods, that had undergone further purification by chromatography, separate sEVs, rigorously characterised properties multiple quantification devices, protein analyses both image nano-flow cytometry. enrich consistent populations, with similar distributions particles ranging up 200 nm. However, exceeds isolating significantly higher making more suitable large-scale applications. Our results demonstrate reliable robust approach surpasses yield, reproducibility, time, costs scalability. These advantages allow implementation comprehensive applications downstream investigations.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles: The next generation in gene therapy delivery

Molecular Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 31(5), P. 1225 - 1230

Published: Jan. 25, 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are esteemed as a promising delivery vehicle for various genetic therapeutics. They relatively inert, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. At least in rodents, they can even transit challenging bodily hurdles such the blood-brain barrier. Constitutively shed by all cells with potential to interact specifically neighboring distant targets, EVs be engineered carry deliver therapeutic molecules proteins RNAs. thus emerging an elegant vivo gene therapy vector. Deeper understanding of basic EV biology—including cellular production, loading, systemic distribution, cell delivery—is still needed effective harnessing these endogenous nanoparticles next-generation nanodelivery tools. However, perfect product will produce at clinical scale. In this regard, we propose that vector transduction technologies used convert either ex or directly into factories stable, safe modulation expression function. Here, extrapolate from current state art bright future using treat diseases refractory All eukaryotic release abundance extracellular (EVs): membrane-bound roughly spherical range diameter around 50 500 nm.1Wang W. Li M. Chen Z. Xu L. Chang Wang K. Deng C. Gu Y. Zhou S. Shen et al.Biogenesis function pathophysiological processes skeletal muscle atrophy.Biochem. Pharmacol. 2022; 198: 114954https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114954Crossref Scopus (15) Google Scholar diverse, categorized not only size but also origin, mode release, molecular composition, Classical subtypes like "ectosomes" (plasma membrane origin) "exosomes" (endosomal may important biology level belie incredible diversity difficult distinguish after leave cell.2Buzas E.I. The roles immune system.Nat. Rev. Immunol. : 1-15https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00763-8Crossref (23) thought cell-to-cell communications delivering nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, lipids between cells,3Li S.P. Lin Z.X. Jiang X.Y. Yu Exosomal cargo-loading synthetic exosome-mimics tools.Acta Sin. 2018; 39: 542-551https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2017.178Crossref PubMed (182) other modes interaction envisioned. Notably, have been observed retain their recipient following being transported EVs, suggesting containing active RNAs, DNAs alter producer cells. These characteristics confer unparalleled terms safety biocompatibility; such, subject extensive experimentation captured interest both public private sectors.4Yang Wu S.Y. advances challenges utilizing exosomes cancer therapeutics.Front. 9: 735https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00735Crossref (28) To date, several biomolecules repeatedly loaded delivered target experimentally validated vitro models. RNA therapeutics offer distinct advantages over zinc finger CRISPR therapeutics, RNAs pathways transient manner programmable easy engineer specific diseases, generally immunogenic, is unfortunately case many recombinant protein technologies. Various biotypes biological functions potential, interfering (siRNAs), discovered investigated, leading development new classes drugs.5Damase T.R. Sukhovershin R. Boada Taraballi F. Pettigrew R.I. Cooke J.P. limitless Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2021; 628137https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.628137Crossref (136) impart short-term longer-term epigenetic silencing, which based on target, e.g., targeting promoters induce transcriptional silencing.6Weinberg M.S. Morris K.V. Transcriptional silencing humans.Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44: 6505-6517https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw139Crossref (61) mRNA-based vaccines now effectively combat COVID-19 pandemic.7Kiaie S.H. Majidi Zolbanin N. Ahmadi A. Bagherifar Valizadeh H. Kashanchi Jafari Recent mRNA-LNP therapeutics: immunological pharmacological aspects.J. Nanobiotechnology. 20: 276https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01478-7Crossref (3) although rapidly altered produced, must reach intended effective. For example, lipid (LNPs) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine treatment polyneuropathy targeted liver, approaches cytotoxic, unstable circulation, unsuited tissues.8Hou X. Zaks T. Langer Dong Lipid mRNA delivery.Nat. Mater. 6: 1078-1094https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0Crossref (455) Moreover, subcellular RNA-based drugs formidable challenge, less than 1% payloads reaching cytosol cell.9Maugeri Nawaz Papadimitriou Angerfors Camponeschi Na Hölttä Skantze P. Johansson Sundqvist al.Linkage endosomal escape LNP-mRNA loading transport cells.Nat. Commun. 2019; 10: 4333https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12275-6Crossref (123) Potentially, packaging naturally RNA, could safer more physiologically approach. As attempts made integrate species optimize efficiency. While system, it has proven load cargo EVs. during biogenesis isolation physical chemical methods. Electroporation acids EVs; however, deteriorates intrinsic properties causes loss.10Johnsen K.B. Gudbergsson J.M. Skov M.N. Christiansen G. Gurevich Moos Duroux Evaluation electroporation-induced adverse effects adipose-derived stem exosomes.Cytotechnology. 68: 2125-2138https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-016-9952-7Crossref (94) most common method transfect EV-producer plasmids encoding mRNA. resulting high concentration cytoplasmic sufficient cause perhaps because found functionally export components vast surplus.11Shrivastava multifunctionality exosomes; garbage bin next generation therapy.Genes (Basel). 12: 173https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020173Crossref (4) Villamizar al. transfected mesenchymal (MSCs) plasmid transcription factor CFTR promoter cystic fibrosis (called CFZF). CFZF, plasmid's CMV promoter, was detect CFZF isolated EVs.12Villamizar O. Waters S.A. Scott Grepo Jaffe Mesenchymal Stem Cell exosome Zinc Finger Protein activation transmembrane conductance regulator.J. Extracell. Vesicles. e12053https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12053Crossref (13) increase output, Kojima catalase system called EXOtic,13Kojima Bojar D. Rizzi Hamri G.C.E. El-Baba M.D. Saxena Ausländer Tan K.R. Fussenegger Designer produced implanted intracerebrally Parkinson's disease treatment.Nat. 1305https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03733-8Crossref (297) consisting construct CD63, protein, plus L7Ae archaeal ribosomal selectively binds C/D box structure. Next, introduced 3′ UTR gene. When were constructs, efficiently packed transferred vitro.13Kojima A tricistronic three genes involved (STEAP3, SDC4, L-aspartate oxidase) EXOtic release. Introduced mouse models disease, transgressed barrier reduced reactive oxygen brain. constitutively mutant gap junction Connexin 43 (Cx43) included. This responsible forming gap-junction structures fusion two connexon hemichannels, allowing intercommunication transfer materials.14Soares A.R. Martins-Marques Ribeiro-Rodrigues Ferreira J.V. Catarino Pinho M.J. Zuzarte Isabel Anjo Manadas B. P G Sluijter J. al.Gap junctional Cx43 communication mammalian cells.Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 13243https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13243Crossref (119) It expressed Cx present hexamers organized hemichannel structures.14Soares Scholar,15Gemel Kilkus Dawson Beyer E.C. Connecting connexins.Cancers 11: 476https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11040476Crossref efficiency upon contact.12Villamizar Scholar,16Shrivastava Ray R.M. Holguin Echavarria T.A. Burnett Exosome-mediated stable repression HIV-1.Nat. 5541https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25839-2Crossref (16) Indeed, CD63-fused appears require co-transfection booster plasmid, Cx43, LAMP2b-fused brain module nluc-C/D Another generate lipid-coated particles purified through mixing-induced partitioning.17Sato Y.T. Umezaki Sawada Mukai Sasaki Harada Shiku Akiyoshi Engineering hybrid liposomes.Sci. 21933https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21933Crossref (333) Scholar,18Li Y.J. J.Y. Liu Qiu Huang Hu X.B. Xiang D.X. Artificial translational nanomedicine.J. 19: 242https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00986-2Crossref (62) expected, process leads slight decrease numbers, efficient accurate (>90%).19Tsai S.J. Atai N.A. Cacciottolo Nice Salehi Guo Sedgwick Kanagavelu Gould SARS-CoV-2 immunity.J. Biol. Chem. 297: 101266https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101266Abstract Full Text PDF purification need pre-coat introduces expense time constraints. Therefore, while research purposes, prove scale commercial applications. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) well known modulate types.20Simeoli Montague Jones H.R. Castaldi Chambers Kelleher J.H. Vacca V. Pitcher Grist Al-Ahdal al.Exosomal including microRNA regulates sensory neuron macrophage nerve trauma.Nat. 2017; 8: 1778https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01841-5Crossref (155) direct interactions Argonaut 2 (AGO2), packaged EVs.21Beltrami Clayton Newbury L.J. Corish Jenkins R.H. Phillips A.O. Fraser D.J. Bowen Stabilization urinary association argonaute protein.Noncoding. RNA. 1: 151-166https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna1020151Crossref (35) Alternatively, particular YBX1, implicated miRNAs EVs,22Liu X.M. Ma Schekman Selective sorting microRNAs phase-separated YBX1 condensates.Elife. e71982https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71982Crossref others suggested there motif pathway miRNA recruitment EVs.23Hung M.E. Leonard J.N. platform actively elucidate limiting steps EV-mediated delivery.J. 31027https://doi.org/10.3402/jev.v5.31027Crossref (112) Yet does appear EVs.24Albanese Y.F.A. Hüls Gärtner Tagawa Mejias-Perez E. Keppler O.T. Göbel Zeidler Shein al.MicroRNAs minor constituents rarely cells.PLoS Genet. 17: e1009951https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009951Crossref (40) Due large genes, significantly phenotype cell, therefore high-value promote, trigger, diseases. Simeoli among first describe neurons macrophages presence capsaicin.20Simeoli Capsaicin incubation injury miRNA-21 milk fat globule-EGF 8 MFG-E8, uptake. authors demonstrated derived capsaicin-treated taken up readily untreated control promoted inflammatory 13Kojima Scholarphenotypes miR-21 macrophages. Activated likely move toward sites where EV-releasing situated, demonstrating existence importance intercellular mediated miRNAs.20Simeoli EV-transferred promoting metastasis, drug resistance, proliferation, inflammation.25Dilsiz Role exosomal cancer.Future Sci. OA. 2020; FSO465https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2019-0116Crossref (60) EV-loaded pathways, seem preferentially relative types, exists within AGO2 RNA-binding EVs.26McKenzie A.J. Hoshino Hong N.H. Cha Franklin J.L. Coffey R.J. Patton J.G. Weaver A.M. KRAS-MEK signaling controls Ago2 exosomes.Cell 15: 978-987https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.085Abstract (251) profound regulatory natural occurrence AGO2-binding shRNAs great candidates class circRNAs.27Li Zheng Q. Bao Zhao He Circular enriched exosomes: biomarker diagnosis.Cell 25: 981-984https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2015.82Crossref (1462) circRNAs single-stranded circular non-coding back splicing exons mRNAs.28Conn Pillman K.A. Toubia Conn V.M. Salmanidis C.A. Roslan Schreiber A.W. Gregory P.A. Goodall G.J. binding quaking formation circRNAs.Cell. 160: 1125-1134https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.014Abstract (1298) Scholar,29Ragan Shirokikh N.E. Preiss Insights exonic RNA.Sci. 2048https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37037-0Crossref (74) Some express times amount circRNA compared protein-coding mRNA, functional role, includes regulation absorbing miRNAs, competition pre-mRNA splicing, and, rarely, templates translation.30Meng Feng Tang CircRNA: novel cancer.Mol. Cancer. 16: 94https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-017-0663-2Crossref (978) lack 5′ ends protects degradation exonucleases, ultimately confers longer lifespan transcripts cytoplasm RNAs.31Liu Khanabdali Kalionis Tai Xia RNAs: isolation, characterization role diseases.RNA 14: 1715-1721https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2017.1367886Crossref (78) confirmed negative relation proliferation concentration, allegedly diluted daughter proliferation. Recently, ratio linear higher cells, indicating mechanism.32Lasda Parker Co-precipitate vesicles: possible mechanism clearance.PLoS One. e0148407https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148407Crossref (260) highly EV-packed partially cancers; (exo-circRNAs) considered primarily biomarkers screening early onset.32Lasda Scholar,33Du W.W. Fang Dhaliwal Yang Yee B.B. Promotion tumor progression transmission circSKA3.Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids. 27: 276-292https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.027Abstract (7) due increased stability, support translation typical mRNA.34Wesselhoeft R.A. Kowalski P.S. Anderson D.G. potent 2629https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05096-6Crossref (240) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) interest.34Wesselhoeft persist one approach generating enhanced long-term expression. Such application would especially useful treatments extend exposure antigens or, generally, out dose. occurring open reading frame (ORF)-possessing minority yet capable translation, coding capacity.35Miao Ni Coding circRNAs: discoveries challenges.PeerJ. e10718https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10718Crossref Wesselhoeft achieved robust luciferase, EGFP, erythropoietin, CRISPR-associated endonuclease 9 (Cas9) transfection self-splicing intron-induced HEK293 cells.34Wesselhoeft Qu created severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike performed experiments mice test immunization capacity encapsulated LNPs.36Qu Yi Zhang Tian al.Circular against variants.Cell. 185: 1728-1744.e16https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.044Abstract Mice treated antibodies T responses similar those counterparts mRNA.36Qu Overall, results suggest make mRNAs improve general efficacy therapies treating infectious Ideally, code long-lasting allows developed means unbound CRY2 plant changes conformation blue light, CIBN truncated version CIB1, affinity its excited form.37Kennedy Hughes Peteya L.A. Schwartz J.W. Ehlers Tucker C.L. Rapid blue-light-mediated induction living Methods. 2010; 7: 973-975https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1524Crossref (749) CIB1 attached cytosolic tail marker CD9 reporter mCherry GFP.38Yim Ryu S.W. Choi Lee Kim Shaker M.R. Sun Park al.Exosome engineering intracellular soluble optically reversible protein-protein module.Nat. 12277https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12277Crossref (318) named EXPLOR, cargo-CRY2 when exposed light. absence complex freely available Using approach, successfully Cre recombinase nuclear κB (NF-κB) suppressor srIκB EVs.39Choi Mirzaaghasi Heo Y.N. Shin Cho E.S. Song Chung Yook Yoo T.H. Exosome-based super-repressor IkappaBalpha relieves sepsis-associated organ damage mortality.Sci. Adv. eaaz6980https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6980Crossref (72) Based model, Osteikoetxea tested whether Cas9 systems heterodimerization activating stimulus.40Osteikoetxea Silva Lázaro-Ibáñez Salmond Shatnyeva Stein Schick Wren Lindgren Firth al.Engineered editing tool.J. e12225https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12225Crossref (5) PHIB PIF6, 630 nm molecule phycocyanobilin, VVD nanomagnets finally FKBP FRB, rapamycin. group CRY2-CIB1 resulted highest fractions, 20 per EV.40Osteikoetxea noteworthy observation study data MysPalm advantageous tetraspanin markers CD9. Two possib

Language: Английский

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Microfluidic-based exosome isolation and highly sensitive aptamer exosome membrane protein detection for lung cancer diagnosis

Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 214, P. 114487 - 114487

Published: June 18, 2022

Non-invasive methods of detecting cancer by circulating exosomes are challenged inefficient purification and identification. This study hereby proposed an automated centrifugal microfluidic disc system combined with functionalized membranes (Exo-CMDS) to isolate enrich exosomes, which will then be processed a novel aptamer fluorescence (Exo-AFS) in order detect the exosome surface proteins effective manner. Exo-CMDS features highly qualified yields optimal exosomal concentration 5.1 × 109 particles/mL from trace amount blood samples (<300 μL) only 8 min, truly accomplishes isolation one-step methods. Meanwhile, limit detection (LOD) PD-L1 Exo-AFS reaches as low 1.58 105 particles/mL. In trial clinical samples, diagnostic accuracy lung achieves 91% (95% CI: 79%-96%) contrast ELISA (area under curve: 0.9378 versus 0.8733; 30 patients). display precedence aspects inexpensiveness, celerity, purity, sensitivity specificity when compared traditional techniques. Such assays potentially grant practicable way inchoate cancers guiding immunotherapy clinic.

Language: Английский

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Anti-glioma effect of ginseng-derived exosomes-like nanoparticles by active blood–brain-barrier penetration and tumor microenvironment modulation

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Aug. 4, 2023

Inhibition of tumor growth and normalization immune responses in the microenvironment (TME) are critical issues for improving cancer therapy. However, treatment glioma, effective nanomedicine has limited access to brain because blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previously, we demonstrated nano-sized ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GENs) consisting phospholipids including various bioactive components, evaluated anti-tumor T cells Tregs inhibit progression. It was found that enhanced targeting ability GENs BBB glioma induced a significant therapeutic effect exhibited strong efficacy recruiting M1 macrophage expression TME. were be successful candidates therapeutics both vitro vivo, suggesting excellent potential inhibiting progression regulating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).

Language: Английский

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Exosome nanovesicles: A potential carrier for therapeutic delivery

Nano Today, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 49, P. 101771 - 101771

Published: Feb. 7, 2023

Exosomes are small nanosized biovesicles that form when multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane fuse released into surrounding body fluids. They best known for their multifunction in mediating intercellular communication by transferring various biomolecules, including DNA, RNAs, proteins, lipids, a short- long-distance manner have been identified as health disease messengers. Importantly, exosomes necessary physiological processes disease. The generation of depends on status disease, which usually exhibits opposite roles inducing enhanced cellular stress damage. Recently, exosome-based nanotechnologies provided unprecedented opportunities to boost developments exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, therapeutics different diseases based unique structural/compositional/morphological characteristics next-generation nanomedicines. Herein, we provide comprehensive overview recent advances exosome nanotechnology research, classification, isolation preparation, constitution, biological function, nanobiomedical applications treatment diagnosis. Furthermore, future prospects were also concluded. This review will more inspiration promoting development advanced theranostic nanoplatforms nanotechnology.

Language: Английский

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