A typology of compound weather and climate events

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 1(7), P. 333 - 347

Published: June 15, 2020

Language: Английский

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Land–atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the science and current challenges

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1436(1), P. 19 - 35

Published: June 25, 2018

Abstract Droughts and heatwaves cause agricultural loss, forest mortality, drinking water scarcity, especially when they occur simultaneously as combined events. Their predicted increase in recurrence intensity poses serious threats to future food security. Still today, the knowledge of how droughts start evolve remains limited, so does our understanding climate change may affect them. have been suggested intensify propagate via land–atmosphere feedbacks. However, a global capacity observe these processes is still lacking, forecast models are immature it comes representing influences land on temperature rainfall. Key open questions remain goal uncover real importance feedbacks: What impact extreme meteorological conditions ecosystem evaporation? How do anomalies regulate atmospheric boundary layer state (event self‐intensification ) contribute inflow heat moisture other regions self‐propagation )? Can this role feedbacks, available, be exploited develop geo‐engineering mitigation strategies that prevent events from aggravating during their early stages? The perspective not present convincing answer questions, but assess scientific progress date, while highlighting new innovative avenues keep advancing future.

Language: Английский

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Global Warming, Climate Change, and Environmental Pollution: Recipe for a Multifactorial Stress Combination Disaster

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 588 - 599

Published: March 19, 2021

A multifactorial stress combination occurs when more than two to three abiotic and/or biotic factors simultaneously impact a plant.Global warming, climate change, and industrial pollution could result in an increase the frequency, complexity, intensity of combinations impacting plants, soils, microbial communities.With number survival growth plants declines, even if levels each these individual stresses is very low.The response unique involves many transcripts genes that are not altered different applied individually.The harmful effects on soil properties, diversity communities should serve as dire warning our society prompt us act drastically reduce sources environment. Global environmental present with stresses. Although much known about how acclimate stresses, little they respond occurring together, namely combination. Recent studies revealed increasing co-occurring causes severe decline plant survival, well microbiome biodiversity depend upon. This effect decisively pollutants, fight global augment tolerance crops combinations. The accumulated human life planet over past several decades, particular revolution, resulted constant greenhouse gas production (mainly CO2) caused by burning fossil fuels (Figure 1A ; www.ipcc.ch/) [1.Sala O.E. et al.Global scenarios for year 2100.Science. 2000; 287: 1770-1774Crossref PubMed Scopus (5873) Google Scholar, 2.Mazdiyasni O. AghaKouchak A. Substantial concurrent droughts heatwaves United States.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 2015; 112: 11484-11489Crossref (242) 3.Lehmann J. Rillig M. Distinguishing variability from uncertainty.Nat. Clim. Chang. 2014; 4: 153Crossref (21) 4.Bigot al.Pivotal roles sensing signaling mechanisms responses change.Glob. Biol. 2018; 24: 5573-5589Crossref (14) 5.Grossiord C. al.Plant rising vapor pressure deficit.New Phytol. 2020; 226: 1550-1566Crossref (145) 6.Anderson J.T. Song B. Plant adaptation change – where we?.J. Syst. Evol. 58: 533-545Crossref (16) 7.Bailey-Serres al.Genetic strategies improving crop yields.Nature. 2019; 575: 109-118Crossref (193) 8.Cline W.R. Warming Agriculture: Impact Estimates Country. Peterson Institute International Economics, 2007Google 9.Gray S.B. al.Intensifying drought eliminates expected benefits elevated carbon dioxide soybean.Nat. Plants. 2016; 216132Crossref (147) Scholar]. accumulation CO2 atmosphere traps IR radiation emitted surface Earth following absorption sunlight heats planet, driving alarming trend continual ocean temperatures, termed warming 1A; www.ipcc.ch/, https://ourworldindata.org/owid-grapher, www.eea.europa.eu/) turn drives drastic climate, accompanied frequency heat waves 1B), other conditions such flooding, salinity, freezing (www.ipcc.ch/, www.ncdc.noaa.gov/, www.eea.europa.eu/, www.epa.gov/) At same time, overall population, coupled expansion residential commercial land use, availability prime agricultural 1C; https://ourworldindata.org/owid-grapher) [10.Borrelli P. al.Land use impacts erosion water (2015-2070).Proc. 117: 21994-22001Crossref (104) 11.Grimm N.B. al.The changing landscape: ecosystem urbanization across climatic societal gradients.Front. Ecol. Environ. 2008; 6: 264-272Crossref (434) 12.Mittler R. Blumwald E. Genetic engineering modern agriculture: challenges perspectives.Annu. Rev. 2010; 61: 443-462Crossref (618) loss arable farmland necessitates continued yield produced acre remaining feed ever-growing population [7.Bailey-Serres Scholar,12.Mittler Scholar,13.Lobell D.B. Gourdji S.M. influence productivity.Plant Physiol. 2012; 160: 1686-1697Crossref (502) However, freshwater agriculture also declining due demand 1D; Scholar,7.Bailey-Serres As result, quality used irrigate (e.g., its pH, salinity levels, content contaminants) In addition gradual day night temperatures [14.Slattery R.A. Ort D.R. Carbon assimilation at high temperatures.Plant Cell 42: 2750-2758Crossref (25) 15.Grinevich D.O. al.Novel transcriptional turning up night.Plant Mol. 101: 1-19Crossref 16.Shi W. al.High day- night-time affect grain dynamics contrasting rice genotypes.J. Exp. Bot. 2017; 68: 5233-5245Crossref (51) Scholar], reduced episodes stress, 1A,B,D; subjected concentrations man-made contaminants, pollutants 1E; [17.Jarsjö al.Projecting metal mobilization contaminated sites: controls groundwater level.Sci. Total 712135560Crossref (15) 18.Alkorta I. al.Environmental parameters activity microorganisms involved bioremediation.FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 364: 200Crossref (22) 19.Suseela V. Tharayil N. Decoupling direct indirect litter decomposition: accounting stress-induced modifications chemistry.Glob. 1428-1451Crossref (43) 20.Rillig M.C. al.Microplastic plants.New 223: 1066-1070Crossref (138) These byproducts include, among others, heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics, persistent organic tropospheric ozone, diesel burn particles. Many contaminants can further cause changes pH damage stratospheric ozone layer enhance UV reaching 21.Liess al.Predicting synergy multiple effects.Sci. Rep. 632965Crossref (119) directly reproduction within eco- systems, described previous text were found vulnerability attack pathogens pests, alter behavior insects, resulting forest ecosystems insect-driven pollination [22.Borghi al.Flowers change: metabolic perspective.New 224: 1425-1441Crossref (36) 23.Cohen S.P. Leach J.E. High temperature-induced disease susceptibility: sum parts.Curr. Opin. 56: 235-241Crossref (10) 24.De Laender F. Community- ecosystem-level drivers: beyond null model testing.Glob. 5021-5030Crossref 25.Desaint H. al.Fight hard or die trying: face under stress.New 2021; 229: 712-734Crossref 26.Hamann al.Climate alters plant–herbivore interactions.New 1894-1910Crossref According computer models, increases droughts, waves, cold snaps, be average (www.ipcc.ch/) Scholar]). Such would threaten food security, potentially destabilizing areas leading unrest, hunger, wars [27.Challinor A.J. al.A meta-analysis adaptation.Nat. 287-291Crossref (898) 28.Savary Willocquet L. Modeling diseases security.Annu. Phytopathol. 313-341Crossref (9) 29.Mourtzinis al.Climate-induced reduction US-wide soybean yields underpinned region-and in-season-specific responses.Nat. 114026Crossref (52) addition, geographical important shift climb worsen 1F) (www.eea.europa.eu/) Scholar,8.Cline all once, factors, stressors, pathogens, text, likely crops, trees growing planet. Furthermore, owing processes drive 1A–E) (www.ipcc.ch/), likelihood will (Box 1) stressors gradually [30.Rillig role functions biodiversity.Science. 366: 886-890Crossref (121) Scholar,31.Zandalinas S.I. survival.New (Published online January 26, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17232)Crossref Scholar].Box 1The Definition Multifactorial Stress CombinationWe define (n ≥ 3) plants. definition takes concept simple most heat, salt drought, virus infection; e.g., [42.Sewelam al.Molecular combined put spotlight unknown abundant genes.J. 71: 5098-5112Crossref (11) Scholar,44.Rizhsky al.When defense pathways collide. Arabidopsis stress.Plant 2004; 134: 1683-1696Crossref (1044) Scholar,48.Prasch C.M. Sonnewald Simultaneous application reveals significant shifts networks.Plant 2013; 162: 1849-1866Crossref (261) Scholar,50.Shaar-Moshe al.Unique physiological heat.Plant 174: 421-434Crossref (48) Scholar]) extends it factors. depicted presented Figure I, virus, bacteria, insect), climate-driven heat), anthropogenic metals), biotic/abiotic soil-associated nutrient deficiency, decreased diversity) origin. Any simultaneously, therefore defined We least recent addressed potential populations. al. Scholar] examined properties ten associated studied using low nitrogen, temperature, glyphosate, fungicides, copper, insecticides. It was constituting (selected sets one, two, five, eight, factors) decrease microbiome, respiration, water-stable aggregates decomposition rate 2A ). proposed occur, first demonstrate negative communities. Examining Zandalinas [31.Zandalinas arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings six including salt, light, cadmium, acidity, herbicide paraquat 2B,C). studying this study conducted transcriptomic analysis selected set mutants impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, hormonal pathways. Perhaps finding that, although individually had negligible their detrimental because demonstrates interact negatively health performance, negligible. ways we may able predict. For example, observe clear level single factor; however, once additional introduced, lead dramatic decreases productivity, push towards rapid decline. Together pioneering results reported suggest environment, life, microbiomes, soils deteriorate 2). similar trends observed society. Further altering polluting environment higher complexities crucial growth, conditions, productivity While demonstrated degrade 2A), between peat 2C) agar plates 2B). Plants

Language: Английский

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Dependence of drivers affects risks associated with compound events

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 3(6)

Published: June 2, 2017

Compound climate extremes are receiving increasing attention because of their disproportionate impacts on humans and ecosystems. However, risks assessments generally focus univariate statistics. We analyze the co-occurrence hot dry summers show that these correlated, inducing a much higher frequency concurrent than what would be assumed from independent combination Our results demonstrate how dependence structure between variables affects occurrence multivariate extremes. Assessments based statistics can thus strongly underestimate associated with given extremes, if depend multiple (dependent) variables. conclude perspective is necessary to appropriately assess changes in design adaptation strategies.

Language: Английский

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Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review

Materials, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 1973 - 1973

Published: June 19, 2019

Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these deal either exclusively with materials or the global economy. This paper presents a review systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake release fuel, operation at room temperatures atmospheric pressure, safe use, balanced cost-effectiveness. All current technologies significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, operating pressures, low risks violent uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, leading industry standard compressed offers functional solution demonstrates option compared to other technologies.

Language: Английский

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Climate Extremes and Compound Hazards in a Warming World

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 48(1), P. 519 - 548

Published: Feb. 20, 2020

Climate extremes threaten human health, economic stability, and the well-being of natural built environments (e.g., 2003 European heat wave). As world continues to warm, climate hazards are expected increase in frequency intensity. The impacts extreme events will also be more severe due increased exposure (growing population development) vulnerability (aging infrastructure) settlements. models attribute part projected increases intensity disasters anthropogenic emissions changes land use cover. Here, we review impacts, historical changes,and theoretical research gaps key (heat waves, droughts, wildfires, precipitation, flooding). We highlight need improve our understanding dependence between individual interrelated because anthropogenic-induced warming risk not only but compound (co-occurring) cascading hazards. ▪ a world. Anthropogenic-induced causes drivers

Language: Английский

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Land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 116(38), P. 18848 - 18853

Published: Sept. 3, 2019

Compound extremes such as cooccurring soil drought (low moisture) and atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit) can be disastrous for natural societal systems. Soil are 2 main physiological stressors driving widespread vegetation mortality reduced terrestrial carbon uptake. Here, we empirically demonstrate that strong negative coupling between moisture deficit occurs globally, indicating high probability of aridity. Using the Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE)-CMIP5 experiment, further show concurrent greatly exacerbated by land-atmosphere feedbacks. The feedback on atmosphere is largely responsible enabling extremes. In addition, moisture-precipitation acts to amplify precipitation deficits in most regions. CMIP5 models frequency enhanced feedbacks projected increase 21st century. Importantly, will intensity both beyond expected from changes mean climate alone.

Language: Английский

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Excessive rainfall leads to maize yield loss of a comparable magnitude to extreme drought in the United States

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 2325 - 2337

Published: April 29, 2019

Abstract Increasing drought and extreme rainfall are major threats to maize production in the United States. However, compared impact, impact of excessive on crop yield remains unresolved. Here, we present observational evidence from insurance data that can reduce up −34% (−17 ± 3% average) States relative expected long‐term trend, comparable −37% loss by (−32 2% 1981 2016. Drought consistently decreases due water deficiency concurrent heat, with greater for rainfed wetter areas. Excessive have either negative or positive yield, its sign varies regionally. significantly cooler areas conjunction poorly drained soils, such gets exacerbated under condition high preseason soil storage. Current process‐based models cannot capture overestimate wet conditions. Our results highlight need improved understanding modeling yield.

Language: Английский

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A Review of Recent Advances in Research on Extreme Heat Events

Current Climate Change Reports, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 2(4), P. 242 - 259

Published: Aug. 3, 2016

Reviewing recent literature, we report that changes in extreme heat event characteristics such as magnitude, frequency, and duration are highly sensitive to mean global-scale warming. Numerous studies have detected significant the observed occurrence of events, irrespective how events defined. Further, a number these attributed present-day risk individual documented increase anthropogenic-driven Advances process-based focused on proximate land-atmosphere interactions through soil moisture anomalies, underlying atmospheric circulation associated with midlatitudes. While evidence for hypotheses remains limited, climate change nevertheless points tail risks possible extremes could exceed estimates generated from model outputs temperature. We also explore compound nonlinear impacts heat.

Language: Английский

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Anthropogenic shift towards higher risk of flash drought over China

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Oct. 11, 2019

Flash droughts refer to a type of that have rapid intensification without sufficient early warning. To date, how will the flash drought risk change in warming future climate remains unknown due diversity definition, unclear role anthropogenic fingerprints, and uncertain socioeconomic development. Here we propose new method for explicitly characterizing events, find exposure over China increase by about 23% ± 11% during middle this century under scenario with medium challenge. Optimal fingerprinting shows induced increased greenhouse gas concentrations accounts 77% 26% upward trend frequency, population is also an important factor enhancing southernmost humid regions. Our results suggest traditional drought-prone regions would expand given human-induced risk. are widely discussed scientific community since onset 2012 USA. Here, authors model temporal frequency potential events next 80 years.

Language: Английский

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