Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene

Science, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 356(6335), P. 270 - 275

Published: April 20, 2017

Biodiversity is essential to human well-being, but people have been reducing biodiversity throughout history. Loss of species and degradation ecosystems are likely further accelerate in the coming years. Our understanding this crisis now clear, world leaders pledged avert it. Nonetheless, global goals reduce rate loss mostly not achieved. However, many examples conservation success show that losses can be halted even reversed. Building on these lessons turn tide will require bold innovative action transform historical relationships between populations nature.

Language: Английский

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Human–Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 143 - 171

Published: Sept. 12, 2016

Human interactions with wildlife are a defining experience of human existence. These can be positive or negative. People compete for food and resources, have eradicated dangerous species; co-opted domesticated valuable applied wide range social, behavioral, technical approaches to reduce negative wildlife. This conflict has led the extinction reduction numerous species uncountable deaths economic losses. Recent advances in our understanding growing number conservation coexistence outcomes. I summarize synthesize factors that contribute conflict, mitigate encourage coexistence, emerging trends debates. Fertile areas scholarship include scale complexity, models scenarios, generalizable patterns, expanding boundaries what is considered using new tools technologies, information sharing collaboration, implications global change. The time may ripe identify field, anthrotherology, brings together scholars practitioners from different disciplinary perspectives address human–wildlife coexistence.

Language: Английский

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The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 559(7715), P. 517 - 526

Published: July 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Rewilding complex ecosystems

Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 364(6438)

Published: April 25, 2019

The practice of rewilding has been both promoted and criticized in recent years. Benefits include flexibility to react environmental change the promotion opportunities for society reconnect with nature. Criticisms lack a clear conceptualization rewilding, insufficient knowledge about possible outcomes, perception that excludes people from landscapes. Here, we present framework addresses these concerns. We suggest efforts should target trophic complexity, natural disturbances, dispersal as interacting processes can improve ecosystem resilience maintain biodiversity. propose structured approach projects includes assessment contributions nature social-ecological constraints on restoration.

Language: Английский

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Megafauna and ecosystem function from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 113(4), P. 838 - 846

Published: Jan. 25, 2016

Large herbivores and carnivores (the megafauna) have been in a state of decline extinction since the Late Pleistocene, both on land more recently oceans. Much has written timing causes these declines, but only scientific attention focused consequences declines for ecosystem function. Here, we review progress our understanding how megafauna affect physical trophic structure, species composition, biogeochemistry, climate, drawing special features PNAS Ecography that published as result an international workshop this topic held Oxford 2014. Insights emerging from work changes biosphere function Pleistocene functioning contemporary ecosystems, well offering rationale framework scientifically informed restoration megafaunal where possible appropriate.

Language: Английский

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Restoration, Reintroduction, and Rewilding in a Changing World

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 31(6), P. 453 - 462

Published: March 14, 2016

Language: Английский

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Combining paleo-data and modern exclosure experiments to assess the impact of megafauna extinctions on woody vegetation

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 113(4), P. 847 - 855

Published: Oct. 26, 2015

Until recently in Earth history, very large herbivores (mammoths, ground sloths, diprotodons, and many others) occurred most of the World’s terrestrial ecosystems, but majority have gone extinct as part late-Quaternary extinctions. How has this large-scale removal affected landscape structure ecosystem functioning? In review, we combine paleo-data with information from modern exclosure experiments to assess impact (and their disappearance) on woody species, structure, functions. landscapes characterized by intense herbivory, plants can persist defending themselves or association defended growing places that are physically inaccessible herbivores, where high predator activity limits foraging herbivores. At scale, different herbivore densities assemblages may result dynamic gradients cover. The extinctions were natural large-herbivore removal; paleoecological record shows evidence widespread changes community composition function, consistent experiments. We propose a conceptual framework describes plant abundance mediated diversity density, predicting suppression is strongest high. conclude decline induces major alterations

Language: Английский

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Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world

Conservation Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 34(4), P. 786 - 794

Published: May 14, 2020

Abstract Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence‐based information to design sustainable management plans policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between within rural, urban, peri‐urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife‐related losses should compensated prevention subsidized. Supporters coexistence policies, such as urban‐dwelling people, may not face threats their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity the cost benefits living with germane most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife‐induced damages range human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes perceptions, benefits, HWC theory) ecological (animal behavior). Building current literature articles this section, we developed conceptual model help frame dimensions. The framework used determine damage implementation levels approaches resolution. Our synthesis revealed inter‐ transdisciplinary multilevel governance stakeholders institutions implement strategies promote coexistence.

Language: Английский

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Defining a land boundary for sustainable livestock consumption

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 4185 - 4194

Published: May 22, 2018

The need for more sustainable production and consumption of animal source food (ASF) is central to the achievement development goals: within this context, wise use land a core challenge concern. A key question in feeding future world is: how much ASF should we eat? We demonstrate that livestock raised under circular economy concept could provide significant, nonnegligible part (9-23 g/per capita) our daily protein needs (~50-60 capita). This then would not consume human-edible biomass, such as grains, but mainly convert leftovers from arable grass resources into valuable food, implying feed largely decoupled land. availability these biomass streams determines boundaries consumption. Under concept, competition or be minimized compared no ASF, including some human diet free up about one quarter global Our results also restricted growth Africa Asia feasible boundary conditions, while reductions rest necessary meet sustainability criteria. Managing expansion contraction essential achieving nutrition security.

Language: Английский

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Animals and the zoogeochemistry of the carbon cycle

Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 362(6419)

Published: Dec. 7, 2018

Animals count Flux across the carbon cycle is generally characterized by contributions from plants, microbes, and abiotic systems. Animals, however, move vast amounts of carbon, both through ecosystem webs landscape. Schmitz et al. review different that animal populations make to cycling discuss approaches allow for better monitoring these contributions. Science , this issue p. eaar3213

Language: Английский

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