Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 216, P. 449 - 462

Published: Oct. 25, 2018

Language: Английский

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Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world’s richest temperate alpine flora

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 369(6503), P. 578 - 581

Published: July 30, 2020

Origins of an alpine flora The evolution high mountain floras is strongly influenced by tectonic and climatic history. Ding et al. document the timing, tempo, mode which world's most species-rich flora, that Tibet-Himalaya-Hengduan region, was assembled. Alpine assemblages in region are older than previously thought, with lineages tracing their ancestry to early Oligocene—older any other modern system. species diversified faster during periods orogeny intensification Asian monsoon, Hengduan Mountains—the area this region—played a key biogeographic role as location earliest pulse diversification Oligocene. Science , issue p. 578

Language: Английский

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Why mountains matter for biodiversity

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 47(2), P. 315 - 325

Published: Nov. 11, 2019

Abstract Mountains are arguably Earth's most striking features. They play a major role in determining global and regional climates, the source of rivers, act as cradles, barriers bridges for species, crucial survival sustainability many human societies. The complexity mountains is tightly associated with high biodiversity, but processes underlying this association poorly known. Solving puzzle requires researchers to generate more primary data, better integrate available geological climatic data into biological models diversity evolution. In perspective, we highlight emerging insights, which stress importance mountain building through time generator reservoir biodiversity. We also discuss recently proposed parallels between surface uplift, habitat formation species diversification. exemplify these links other factors, such Quaternary variations, may have obscured some mountain‐building evidence due erosion processes. Biological evolution complex build‐up certainly not only explanation, probably intertwined than us realize. overall conclusion that geology sets stage speciation, where ecological interactions, adaptive non‐adaptive radiations stochastic together increase Further integration fields yield novel robust insights.

Language: Английский

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Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts

Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 380(6642)

Published: April 20, 2023

Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social economic inequalities, habitat loss, many which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, society develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C effectively conserving restoring functional ecosystems on 30 50% land, freshwater, ocean "scapes." We envision mosaic interconnected protected shared spaces, including intensively used strengthen self-sustaining the capacity people nature adapt mitigate change, nature's contributions people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, planetary health for livable future urgently requires bold implementation transformative policy interventions through institutions, governance, systems from local global levels.

Language: Английский

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Diversification of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 51(1), P. 27 - 53

Published: July 31, 2020

Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFFs) constitute the most diverse continental vertebrate fauna on Earth, with more than 6,200 named species compressed into an aquatic footprint <0.5% of total regional land-surface area and representing greatest phenotypic disparity functional diversity any ichthyofauna. Data from fossil record time-calibrated molecular phylogenies indicate that higher taxa (e.g., genera, families) diversified relatively continuously through Cenozoic, across broad geographic ranges South American platform. Biodiversity data for NFF clades support a model radiation rather adaptive radiation, in which speciation occurs mainly allopatry, adaptation are largely decoupled. These radiations occurred under perennial influence river capture sea-level oscillations, episodically fragmented merged portions adjacent networks. The future Anthropocene is uncertain, facing numerous threats at local, regional, scales.

Language: Английский

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Biome: evolution of a crucial ecological and biogeographical concept

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 222(1), P. 97 - 114

Published: Nov. 27, 2018

Summary A biome is a key community ecological and biogeographical concept and, as such, has profited from the overall progress of ecology, punctuated by two major innovations: shifting focus pure pattern description to understanding functionality, changing approach observational explanatory most importantly, descriptive predictive. The functional enabled development mechanistic function‐focused predictive retrodictive modelling; it also shaped current dynamic biological entity having many aspects, with deep roots in evolutionary past, which undergoing change. evolution was three synthetic steps: first synthesis formulated solid body theory explaining meaning zonality collated our knowledge on drivers vegetation patterns at large spatial scales; second translated this into effective modelling tools, developing further link between ecosystem functionality biogeography; third (still progress) seeking common ground large‐scale biogeographic phenomena, using macroecology macroevolutionary research tools.

Language: Английский

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An updated plant checklist of the Brazilian Caatinga seasonally dry forests and woodlands reveals high species richness and endemism

Journal of Arid Environments, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 174, P. 104079 - 104079

Published: Nov. 15, 2019

Language: Английский

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The Andes through time: evolution and distribution of Andean floras

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 27(4), P. 364 - 378

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

We present an evolutionary and floristic synthesis of Andean plant diversity evolution across time space.Uplift the Andes varied space. Particularly, fast uplift rates between 8 5 Ma in Northern may have favoured diversification.Using online specimen databases, we suggest that flora comprises at least 28 691 species. identify North montane forests as potential species richest area.Using a biogeographic analysis on dataset 14 501 Neotropical 194 clades, reveal are both key source sink vascular biodiversity. unveil strong biogeographical links Andes, Amazonia, Central America.We highlight number critical research gaps, notably major groups still understudied, fewer studies exist for Southern Andes. Filling these gaps will allow more holistic understanding floras provide essential tools their conservation. The world's most biodiverse mountain chain, encompassing complex array ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine habitats. by estimating list all with publicly available records, which integrate phylogenetic clades. find (i) georeferenced documented date, (ii) mid-elevation cloud species-rich ecosystems, (iii) diversity, (iv) other biomes had considerable amount biotic interchange through time. thought contain ~10% (30 000 species) only 0.6% its land surface [1.Mittermeier R.A. et al.Biodiversity hotspots.in: Zachos F.E. Habel J.C. Global Biodiversity Conservation: Critical Role Hotspots. Springer, 2011: 3-22Google Scholar]. With 25% original vegetation remaining, biodiversity conservation hotspot [2.Myers N. hotspots priorities.Nature. 2000; 403: 853-858Google mountains played pivotal role generating colonized various regions Neotropics timescales, contributing rich Amazonia America [3.Antonelli A. al.Tracing impact evolution.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. 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Lett. 281: 238-248Google Scholar], poor richness distribution patterns largely because surveys [11.Antonelli al.Conceptual empirical advances research.PeerJ. 6e5644Google scarcity genetic time-calibrated phylogenies lineages [12.Antonelli Sanmartín I. Why there so many Neotropics?.Taxon. 2011; 60: 403-414Google Our five aims: review geological history throughout entire range inform biological research, estimate synthesize ages use new dissect routes plants, well (v) priority few sequence available. work reveals can future extend over 7000 km South ~10°N 50°S. This was formed result subduction (see Glossary) oceanic Nazca Caribbean plates under American continental plate. zone one oldest world, dating back ~200 million years ago (Ma; Early Jurassic). However, current plate initiated recently, ~80 (Late Cretaceous) [13.Chen Y.W. al.Southward propagation along Andes.Nature. 565: 441-447Google Characterized different histories, be divided into three sections broadly coincide political borders: (Argentina Chile), (Peru Bolivia), (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador) (Figure 1A ). limits mainly shaped configuration plates, changes slope subduction, interactions precursor (i.e., Farallón Phoenix) [14.Gianni G.M. al.Transient contraction two simultaneous slab windows: insights Paleogene tectonics Patagonian Andes.J. Geodyn. 121: 64-75Google Scholar] 1A). By contrast, delineated interaction Antarctic, Scotia, (e.g., [15.Horton B.K. Tectonic regimes central southern Andes: responses variations coupling during subduction.Tectonics. 37: 402-429Google 16.Gutscher M.A. al.The 'lost Inca Plateau': cause flat beneath Peru? Earth Planet.Sci. 1999; 171: 335-341Google 17.Ramos V.A. Anatomy global context main geologic features orogenic cycle.in: Mahlburg Kay Backbone Americas: Shallow Subduction, Plateau Uplift, Ridge Terrane Collision. Geological Society America, 2009: 31-65Google 18.Schepers G. al.South-American advance forced trench retreat drivers transient episodes.Nat. Commun. 8: 15249Google Scholar]). boundary marked Carnegie Ridge, high Plate, dives Plate Ecuador. phenomenon geographically expressed depression known Huancabamba Depression [19.Mitouard P. al.Post-Oligocene rotations Ecuador northern Peru formation deflection Cordillera.Earth 1990; 98: 329-339Google Scholar,20.Michaud F. al.Influence volcanic ridge Ecuadorian geology: reality fiction.in: 217-228Google In addition, leading edge collided northwestern corner ~100 Ma. Collision trailing ~80–70 Ma, led initiation since this attached while moving toward present-day position [21.Kennan L. Pindell J.L. Dextral shear, terrane accretion basin best explained Pacific-derived Plate?.in: Pankhurst B. Origin Evolution Plate. London, 487-531Google orogeny subject intense study, some issues remain contentious – including timing, pace, building. Reconstructing building challenging record does not direct measure past elevation, paleo-altimetry methods large uncertainties caveats [22.Rowley D.B. Garzione Stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry.Annu. Rev. 2007; 35: 463-508Google ranges erosion results highly rock [23.Boschman L.M. Late Cretaceous: paleoelevation reconstruction.Earth-Sci. 2021; 103640Google Data sedimentary basins east indicate started ~70 [24.Horton Sedimentary building.Earth-Sci. 178: 279-309Google 1C–K). These line exhumation ages, (Campanian–Paleocene, 75–55 Ma) younger [5.Hoorn Scholar,23.Boschman During those 100 building, however, constant uniform space, debate particular about eastern domains (the Eastern Cordillera Colombia Altiplano). Some presented evidence remarkably Miocene [25.Gregory-Wodzicki K.M. Uplift review.Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 112: 1091-1105Google Scholar,26.Garzione al.Rapid late rise Bolivian Altiplano: removal mantle lithosphere.Earth 2006; 241: 543-556Google which, associated diversification [6.Pérez-Escobar Scholar,27.Lagomarsino L.P. abiotic bellflowers (Campanulaceae).New 2016; 210: 1430-1442Google researchers regard gradual process Eocene (40 onwards [10.Ehlers Scholar,28.Barnes J.B. Ehlers End member models uplift.Earth 97: 105-132Google 29.Ramos thrust system latitudinal structural styles shortening.in: McClay K.R. Thrust Tectonics Hydrocarbon Systems. Association Petroleum Geologists, 2004: 30-50Google 30.Barke R. Lamb Cenozoic Cordillera, Andes.Earth 249: 350-367Google 31.Hartley A.J. al.A comment 'Rapid lithosphere' CN al. (Earth 241 (2006) 543-556).Earth 259: 625-629Google 32.Insel al.Response meteoric δ18O implications growth.Earth 2012; 317: 262-272Google A recent reconstruction integrating 36 separate geomorphological shows each independent thus diachronous that, Cretaceous, generally migrated coastal western cordilleras eastwards sub-Andean Whereas old, slow, constant, cordilleras, parts Altiplano uplifted young orogenesis acceleration phases Oligocene Scholar,25.Gregory-Wodzicki Scholar,33.Leier al.Stable isotope multiple pulses Bolivia.Earth 2013; 371: 49-58Google Scholar,34.Garzione al.Tectonic plateau growth plateaus.Annu. 45: 529-559Google Most importantly, drawing generalized conclusions whole warranted. used model map apatite fission track (AFT) cooling rocks 1B), uplift. Young AFT seen mirroring Nevertheless, range, particular, show interspersions older age 1B). confirms timing rate uneven range. insight conflicts what often modeled macroevolutionary attempting link Scholar,35.Hughes Eastwood Island radiation scale: exceptional after Andes.Proc. 103: 10334-10339Google Thus, implementing elevation time-dependent variable should avoid relying single curve produced instead consider heterogeneity function occurrences, whenever resolution allows [36.Boschman Condamine F.L. Mountain radiations recent: ancient frog lizard families related variations.BioRxiv. (Published April 26, 2021)https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.24.441240Google affected regional climate, hydrological conditions, nutrient cycling, development, mechanisms scale. increased rainfall (and established rain shadow dry conditions west) sediment flux [37.Hoorn al.Andean changing drainage America.Geology. 1995; 23: 237-240Google 38.Armijo al.Coupled tectonic climate.Earth-Sci. 2015; 143: 1-35Google 39.Flantua S.G. flickering north páramos.J. 46: 1808-1825Google resulted Amazon precursors such Pebas Acre depositional systems Scholar,40.Hoorn sea: onset stages River marine record, special reference Neogene turnover basin.Glob. Planet Change. 153: 51-65Google establishment 'South Dry Diagonal' consisting Caatinga, Cerrado, Chaco [41.Werneck F.P. al.Deep long-term persistence 'dry diagonal': continent-wide phylogeography modeling geckos.Evolution. 66: 3014-3034Google Scholar,42.Azevedo J.A. al.On savannas forests.in: Rull V. Carnaval A.C. 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To gain assembly, floras, investigated generated working Materials Methods supplemental information online) based Ulloa [53.Ulloa al.An integrated assessment Americas.Science. 358: 1614-1617Google GBIF databasesi taxonomic expertise. tentative species, defined currently occurring cordillera elevational 6086 m. underestimate; even if lumped taxonomically future, house yet digitized georeferenced, others scientifically described. delimitation [54.Cuatrecasas J. Aspectos de la vegetación natural Colombia.Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Exact. Fis. Nat. 1958; 10: 221-264Google multitude rely 100, 500, 1000 m [55.Stadel Altitudinal belts ecology human utilization.in: Yearbook Conference Latin Americanist Geographers. Vol. 17/18. University Texas Press, 1991: 45-60Google 56.Bernal M.H. Lynch J.D. Review altitudinal anurans Colombia.Zootaxa. 1826: 1-25Google 57.Dussaillant al.Two decades glacier mass loss Andes.Nat. Geosci. 12: 802-808Google assess robustness delimitation, compiled additional lists 500 (instead m) found difference 3–20%, respectively, reported when lower bound 'lowland' (100–500 'premontane' (500–1000 intervals share elevations greater m, consistent previous biome reconstructions pollen fossil [58.Wille al.Environmental subandean forest belt records: last 50 kyr.Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany. 2001; 61-77Google assemblage tree life. Only 10 (Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae, Piperaceae, Solanaceae, Araceae, Poaceae) make up half 226 account remaining 2A see Dataset S1 onlineii). top numbers same gradient >2000 >3000 >4000m, 30% 50% four exclusive above 4000 2A). suggested hyper-dominance reduced first noted Cuatrecasas later Gentry [59.Gentry A.H. diversity: phytogeographical connections Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, accident orogeny?.Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1982; 69: 557-593Google comparison [60.DRYFLOR Seasonally Forest Floristic Network Plant neotropical implications.Science. 353: 1383-1387Google similar dominant suggesting specific flora. classification, distribution, decades. Numerous proposed mostly position, characteristics, associations Scholar,61.Cleef A.M. paramo flora.in: Larsen K. Holm-Nielsen L.B. Botany. Academic 1979: 175-184Google Scholar,62.Rangel-Chui J.O. Diversidad Biótica IV: El Chocó Biogeografico/Costa Pacífica. Universidad Nacional Instituto Ciencias Naturales, Conservación Internacional, 2011Google similarities they open questions Outstanding questions). concentrated geologically discrete section hosts wide types [62.Rangel-Chui 63.Olson D.M. al.Terrestrial ecoregions world: life Earth: terrestrial provides innovative tool conserving biodiversity.BioScience. 51: 933-938Google 64.Cleef páramos Oriental.Meded. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht. 1981; 481: 1-320Google results, pointing 2B). correlates collections sampling effort, likely bias real contribution (

Language: Английский

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Human impacts outpace natural processes in the Amazon

Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 379(6630)

Published: Jan. 26, 2023

Amazonian environments are being degraded by modern industrial and agricultural activities at a pace far above anything previously known, imperiling its vast biodiversity reserves globally important ecosystem services. The most substantial threats come from regional deforestation, because of export market demands, global climate change. Amazon is currently perched to transition rapidly largely forested nonforested landscape. These changes happening much too for species, peoples, ecosystems respond adaptively. Policies prevent the worst outcomes known must be enacted immediately. We now need political will leadership act on this information. To fail biosphere, we our peril.

Language: Английский

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Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Threats and opportunities

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 378(6623)

Published: Dec. 1, 2022

Madagascar's unique biota is heavily affected by human activity and under intense threat. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on conservation status terrestrial freshwater biodiversity presenting data analyses documented predicted species-level statuses, most prevalent relevant threats, ex situ collections programs, coverage comprehensiveness protected areas. The existing area network in Madagascar covers 10.4% its land includes at least part range majority described native species vertebrates with known distributions (97.1% fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals combined) plants (67.7%). overall figures are higher for threatened (97.7% 79.6% occurring within one area). International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments Bayesian neural identify overexploitation biological resources unsustainable agriculture as prominent threats to biodiversity. We highlight five opportunities action multiple levels ensure that ecological restoration objectives, activities take account complex underlying interacting factors produce tangible benefits people Madagascar.

Language: Английский

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