Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

Published: June 22, 2023

The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment scientific literature relevant climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. report recognizes interactions climate, ecosystems biodiversity, human societies, integrates across natural, ecological, social economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together process called resilient development, which enables liveable future for biodiversity humankind. IPCC is leading body assessing science. reports are produced comprehensive, objective transparent ways, ensuring they reflect full range views literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, an atlas presenting observed impacts risks from global regional scales. Available as Open Access Cambridge Core.

Language: Английский

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TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 119 - 188

Published: Dec. 31, 2019

Abstract Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem properties their benefits detriments people. trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area research spanning from evolutionary biology, community functional ecology, biodiversity conservation, landscape management, restoration, biogeography earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, TRY database plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented coverage under an open access policy is main used by worldwide. Increasingly, also supports new frontiers trait‐based research, including identification gaps subsequent mobilization or measurement data. To support this development, article we evaluate extent compiled analyse emerging patterns representativeness. Best species achieved categorical traits—almost complete ‘plant growth form’. However, most relevant ecology vegetation modelling are characterized continuous intraspecific variation trait–environmental relationships. These have be measured on individual respective environment. Despite coverage, observe humbling lack completeness representativeness these many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing biases remains key challenge requires coordinated approach measurements. This can only collaboration with initiatives.

Language: Английский

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Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 4(8), P. 1044 - 1059

Published: May 25, 2020

Language: Английский

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Expanding, shifting and shrinking: The impact of global warming on species’ elevational distributions

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 27(11), P. 1268 - 1276

Published: Sept. 6, 2018

Abstract Aim Species are responding to climate warming by shifting their distributions toward historically cooler regions, but the degree which expansions at cool range limits balanced contractions warm is unknown. We synthesized published data documenting shifts species’ versus along elevational gradients (a) test classic ecological theory that predicts temperature more directly influences than limits, and (b) determine how warming‐associated have changed extent area of distributions. Location Global. Time period 1802–2012. Major taxa studied Vascular plants, endotherms, ectotherms. Methods compiled a dataset 975 species from 32 for been measured both limits. compared magnitude variance quantified impacted extents areas. Results On average shifted upslope associated with increases (warm limit: 92 ± 455 m/C; 131 465 overall mean SD ). There was no systematic difference in or thus indication controlled temperature. Species’ available significantly decreased mountaintop species. Main conclusions Our results do not support long‐standing hypothesis sensitive responsive find that, across globe, ranges shrinking as they shift upslope, supporting predictions high elevation especially vulnerable increases. synthesis highlights extreme variation distributional responses warming, may indicate biotic interactions play prominent role setting previously thought.

Language: Английский

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Above- and belowground linkages shape responses of mountain vegetation to climate change

Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 365(6458), P. 1119 - 1123

Published: Sept. 12, 2019

Upward shifts of mountain vegetation lag behind rates climate warming, partly related to interconnected changes belowground. Here, we unravel above- and belowground linkages by drawing insights from short-term experimental manipulations elevation gradient studies. Soils will likely gain carbon in early successional ecosystems, while losing as forest expands upward, the slow, high-elevation soil development constrain warming-induced shifts. Current approaches fail predict pace these how much they be modified interactions among plants biota. Integrating soils their biota into monitoring programs, combined with innovative comparative approaches, crucial overcome paucity data better understand ecosystem dynamics feedbacks climate.

Language: Английский

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Climate change leads to accelerated transformation of high‐elevation vegetation in the central Alps

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 220(2), P. 447 - 459

Published: June 25, 2018

High mountain ecosystems and their biota are governed by low-temperature conditions thus can be used as indicators for climate warming impacts on natural ecosystems, provided that long-term data exist. We from the largest alpine to nival permanent plot site in Alps, established frame of Global Observation Research Initiative Alpine Environments (GLORIA) Schrankogel Tyrolean Austria, 1994, resurveyed 2004 2014. Vascular plant species richness per increased over entire period, albeit a lesser extent second decade, because disappearance events markedly latter period. Although presence/absence could only marginally explain range shift dynamics, changes cover community composition indicate an accelerating transformation towards more warmth-demanding drought-adapted vegetation, which is strongest at lowest, least rugged subsite. Divergent responses vertical distribution groups suggest direct effects, rather than competitive displacement, primary causes observed patterns. The continued decrease cryophilic imply trailing edge dynamics proceed rapidly successful colonisation, would favour period accelerated declines.

Language: Английский

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Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the European Alps

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(5), P. 1816 - 1835

Published: April 27, 2021

Mountain areas are biodiversity hotspots and provide a multitude of ecosystem services irreplaceable socio-economic value. In the European Alps, air temperature has increased at rate about 0.36°C decade-1 since 1970, leading to glacier retreat significant snowpack reduction. Due these rapid environmental changes, this mountainous region is undergoing marked changes in spring phenology elevational distribution animals, plants fungi. Long-term monitoring Alps offers an excellent natural laboratory synthetize climate-related for large array taxonomic groups. This review assesses climatic that have occurred across during recent decades, phenological upslope shifts plants, animals fungi from evidence published papers previously unpublished data. Our provides been shifting earlier past four decades ranges show upwards trend most groups which there sufficient The first observed activity reptiles terrestrial insects (e.g. butterflies) shifted significantly earlier, average -5.7 -6.0 days , respectively. By contrast, semi-aquatic dragonflies damselflies) amphibians, as well singing or laying dates resident birds, smaller non-significant trends ranging -1.0 +1.3 . Leaf-out flowering woody herbaceous showed intermediate with mean values -2.4 -2.8 Regarding species distribution, (N = 2133 species) elevation maximum abundance (optimum elevation) similar pace (on between +18 +25 m ) but substantial differences among taxa. For example, optimum upward by +36.2 +32.7 whereas it was estimated range +11 insects, ferns, birds wood-decaying upper limit (leading edge) also clearly higher (from +47 +91 than +17 +40 ), except (-4.7 ). Although regional land-use could partly explain some trends, consistent shift found almost all taxa over likely reflecting strong warming receding snow cover taken place decades. However, possible exception organisms seems currently too slow track isotherm induced climate warming, +62 +71 1970. light results, interactions change multiple trophic levels through spatial mismatches. nascent research field deserves greater attention allow us anticipate structural functional better level.

Language: Английский

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High Mountain Areas

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 131 - 202

Published: Feb. 2, 2022

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Language: Английский

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Alpine vegetation in the context of climate change: A global review of past research and future directions

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 748, P. 141344 - 141344

Published: Aug. 2, 2020

Language: Английский

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Global patterns of intraspecific leaf trait responses to elevation

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 2485 - 2498

Published: May 6, 2019

Abstract Elevational gradients are often used to quantify how traits of plant species respond abiotic and biotic environmental variations. Yet, such analyses frequently restricted spatially applied along single slopes or mountain ranges. Since we know little on the response intraspecific leaf elevation across globe, here perform a global meta‐analysis in 109 located 4 continents reported 71 studies published between 1983 2018. We quantified change seven morpho‐ecophysiological elevational gradients: specific area (SLA), mass per (LMA), (LA), nitrogen concentration unit (N ), phosphorous (P ) carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C). found LMA, N , δ C significantly increase SLA decrease with increasing elevation. Conversely, LA P showed no significant pattern worldwide. larger warmer regions. Larger responses were apparent for herbaceous compared woody species, but not other traits. Finally, also detected evidences covariation morphological physiological within same gradient. In sum, demonstrate that there common cross‐species patterns trait variation Irrespective whether is genetically determined via local adaptation attributed phenotypic plasticity, suggest adapted live range temperature conditions. distribution biota predominantly shifting upslope changes conditions, our results important further understanding plants ecosystems adapt change.

Language: Английский

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