Unexpected air pollution with marked emission reductions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 369(6504), P. 702 - 706

Published: June 17, 2020

Air pollution epidemic The lockdown enforced in most cities China response to the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted virtual absence motor vehicle traffic and sharply reduced manufacturing activity for several weeks. Le et al. report some anticipated unanticipated effects that this had on air there, including unexpectedly high levels particulate matter abundances haze formation areas. This natural experiment will help assessment mitigation strategies. Science , issue p. 702

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Nov. 25, 2020

The pandemic of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been posing great threats to world in many aspects. Effective therapeutic and preventive approaches including drugs vaccines are still unavailable although they development. Comprehensive understandings on life logic SARS-CoV-2 interaction virus with hosts fundamentally important fight against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we briefly summarized current advances research, epidemic situation epidemiological characteristics caused disease COVID-19. We further discussed biology SARS-CoV-2, origin, evolution, receptor recognition mechanism And particularly, introduced protein structures structure-based therapeutics development antibodies, antiviral compounds, vaccines, indicated limitations perspectives research. wish information provided by review may be helpful global battle infection.

Language: Английский

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Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 117(44), P. 27285 - 27291

Published: Oct. 15, 2020

Significance Public health response to COVID-19 requires behavior changes—isolation at home, wearing masks. Its effectiveness depends on generalized compliance. Original data from two waves of a survey conducted in March−April 2020 eight Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries ( n = 21,649) show large gender differences COVID-19−related beliefs behaviors. Women are more likely perceive the pandemic as very serious problem agree comply with restraining measures. These only partially mitigated individuals cohabiting or directly exposed COVID-19. This behavioral factor contributes substantial mortality is consistent women-led responding effectively pandemic. It calls gender-based public policies communication.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(5), P. 892 - 903

Published: March 25, 2021

Despite signs of infection—including taste loss, dry mouth and mucosal lesions such as ulcerations, enanthema macules—the involvement the oral cavity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly understood. To address this, we generated analyzed two single-cell RNA sequencing datasets human minor salivary glands gingiva (9 samples, 13,824 cells), identifying 50 cell clusters. Using integrated normalization annotation, classified 34 unique subpopulations between gingiva. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral entry factors ACE2 TMPRSS members were broadly enriched epithelial cells mucosae. orthogonal protein expression assessments, confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection Saliva from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals harbored exhibiting sustained infection. Acellular cellular fractions asymptomatic found to transmit ex vivo. Matched nasopharyngeal saliva samples displayed distinct shedding dynamics, burden correlated with COVID-19 symptoms, including loss. Upon recovery, this cohort exhibited IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, these data show that an important site for implicate a potential route transmission. Single-cell transcriptomics analyses gingiva, along detection infectious virus virus-specific individuals, support role pathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces

Virology Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Oct. 7, 2020

Abstract Background The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe been alarming. While role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on environmental stability SARS-CoV-2 required to determine risks from contaminated surfaces. Methods This study measured survival rates infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, several common surface types. All experiments were carried out dark, negate any effects UV light. Inoculated surfaces incubated 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 sampled various time points. Results Survival determined different temperatures D-values, Z-values half-life calculated. We obtained half lives between 1.7 2.7 days reducing few hours when temperature was elevated °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent highest titres excreted by patients, viable virus isolated for up 28 such as glass, stainless steel both paper polymer banknotes. Conversely, survived less than 24 h some Conclusion These findings demonstrate can remain significantly longer periods generally considered possible. results could be used inform improved risk mitigation procedures prevent COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses

Respiratory Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Aug. 27, 2020

Abstract Within two decades, there have emerged three highly pathogenic and deadly human coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-2. The economic burden health threats caused by these coronaviruses are extremely dreadful getting more serious as the increasing number of global infections attributed deaths SARS-CoV-2 MERS-CoV. Unfortunately, specific medical countermeasures for hCoVs remain absent. Moreover, fast spread misinformation about ongoing pandemic uniquely places virus alongside an annoying infodemic causes unnecessary worldwide panic. shares many similarities with SARS-CoV MERS-CoV, certainly, obvious differences exist well. Lessons learnt from timely updated information summarized knowledge invaluable effectively efficiently contain outbreak By gaining a deeper understanding illnesses them, we can bridge gaps, provide cultural weapons fighting controling SARS-CoV-2, prepare effective robust defense lines against that may emerge or reemerge in future. To this end, state-of-the-art comparing biological features lethal clinical characteristics them systematically review.

Language: Английский

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Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control

Environment International, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 144, P. 106039 - 106039

Published: Aug. 7, 2020

As public health teams respond to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), containment and understanding modes severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is utmost importance for policy making. During this time, governmental agencies have been instructing community on handwashing physical distancing measures. However, there no agreement role aerosol SARS-CoV-2. To end, we aimed review evidence Several studies support that SARS-CoV-2 plausible, plausibility score (weight combined evidence) 8 out 9. Precautionary control strategies should consider effective mitigation

Language: Английский

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A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(17)

Published: April 13, 2021

The current revival of the American economy is being predicated on social distancing, specifically Six-Foot Rule, a guideline that offers little protection from pathogen-bearing aerosol droplets sufficiently small to be continuously mixed through an indoor space. importance airborne transmission COVID-19 now widely recognized. While tools for risk assessment have recently been developed, no safety has proposed protect against it. We here build models disease in order derive would impose upper bound "cumulative exposure time," product number occupants and their time enclosed demonstrate how this depends rates ventilation air filtration, dimensions room, breathing rate, respiratory activity face mask use its occupants, infectiousness aerosols. By synthesizing available data best-characterized spreading events with drop size distributions, we estimate infectious dose 10 aerosol-borne virions. new virus (severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) thus inferred magnitude more than forerunner (SARS-CoV), consistent pandemic status achieved by COVID-19. Case studies are presented classrooms nursing homes, spreadsheet online app provided facilitate our guideline. Implications contact tracing quarantining considered, appropriate caveats enumerated. Particular consideration given jets, which may substantially elevate when masks not worn.

Language: Английский

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Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 903

Published: Sept. 28, 2020

Abstract

Language: Английский

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Face masks considerably reduce COVID-19 cases in Germany

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 117(51), P. 32293 - 32301

Published: Dec. 3, 2020

Significance Mitigating the spread of COVID-19 is objective most governments. It utmost importance to understand how effective various public health measures are. We study effectiveness face masks. employ regional data about reported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections for Germany. As masks became mandatory at different points in time across German regions, we can compare rise regions with and without Weighing estimates, conclude that 20 d after becoming have reduced number new by around 45%. economic costs are close zero compared other measures, seem be a cost-effective means combat COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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