Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 5753 - 5753

Published: March 17, 2023

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions host. They support elimination viral infections. participate regulation brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, activity, they can affect functioning insect nervous system. Expansion AMP repertoire loss their specificity is connected aging process lifespan insects. Moreover, take part maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating number endosymbionts as well reducing foreign microbiota. turn, presence venom prevents spread infection social insects, where prey may be source pathogens.

Language: Английский

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Ecology-relevant bacteria drive the evolution of host antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila

Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 381(6655)

Published: July 20, 2023

Antimicrobial peptides are host-encoded immune effectors that combat pathogens and shape the microbiome in plants animals. However, little is known about how host antimicrobial peptide repertoire adapted to its microbiome. Here, we characterized function evolution of Diptericin family Diptera. Using mutations affecting two Diptericins ( Dpt ) Drosophila melanogaster , reveal specific role DptA for pathogen Providencia rettgeri DptB gut mutualist Acetobacter . The presence DptA- or DptB- like genes across Diptera correlates with their environment. Moreover, sequences predict resistance against infection by these bacteria genus Our study explains evolutionary logic behind bursts rapid an reveals adapts changing microbial environments.

Language: Английский

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A life-and-death struggle: interaction of insects with entomopathogenic fungi across various infection stages

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

Insects constitute approximately 75% of the world’s recognized fauna, with majority species considered as pests. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are parasitic microorganisms capable efficiently infecting insects, rendering them potent biopesticides. In response to infections, insects have evolved diverse defense mechanisms, prompting EPF develop a variety strategies overcome or circumvent host defenses. While interaction mechanisms between and is well established, recent findings underscore that their interplay more intricate than previously thought, especially evident across different stages infection. This review primarily focuses on insect strategies, centered around three infection stages: (1) Early stage: involving pre-contact detection avoidance behavior in along induction behavioral responses upon contact cuticle; (2) Penetration intra-hemolymph growth initiation cellular humoral immune functions while symbiotic microbes can further contribute resistance; (3) Host insect’s death ultimate confrontation pathogens insects. Infected strive separate themselves from healthy population, rely infected spread new hosts. Also, we discuss novel pest management strategy underlying cooperation disturbing system. By enhancing our understanding insect, this provides perspectives for EPF-mediated developing effective fungal insecticides.

Language: Английский

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When the microbiome shapes the host: immune evolution implications for infectious disease

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 379(1901)

Published: March 18, 2024

The microbiome includes both ‘mutualist’ and ‘pathogen’ microbes, regulated by the same innate immune architecture. A major question has therefore been: how do hosts prevent pathogenic infections while maintaining beneficial microbes? One idea suggests can selectively activate immunity upon infection, but not mutualist colonization. Another posits that attack pathogens, mutualists. Here I review evolutionary principles of microbe recognition activation, reflect on newly observed effector–microbe specificity perhaps supporting latter idea. Recent work in Drosophila found a surprising importance for single antimicrobial peptides combatting specific ecologically relevant microbes. developing picture these effectors have evolved this purpose. Other defence responses like reactive oxygen species bursts also be uniquely effective against Signals other model systems including nematodes, Hydra , oysters, mammals, suggest may fundamental principle host–pathogen interactions. propose stems from weaknesses microbes themselves: if intrinsic weaknesses, evolve exploit those weaknesses. define host–microbe relationship as ‘the Achilles evolution’. Incorporating view helps interpret why some interactions develop coevolutionary framework (e.g. Red Queen dynamics), or one-sided response. This clarification should valuable to better understand behind host susceptibilities infectious diseases. article is part theme issue ‘Sculpting microbiome: factors determine respond microbial colonization’.

Language: Английский

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A Toll pathway effector protects Drosophila specifically from distinct toxins secreted by a fungus or a bacterium

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(12)

Published: March 14, 2023

The Drosophila systemic immune response against many Gram-positive bacteria and fungi is mediated by the Toll pathway. How Toll-regulated effectors actually fulfill this role remains poorly understood as known antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes are active only filamentous not or yeasts. Besides AMPs, two families of peptides secreted in to infectious stimuli that activate pathway have been identified, namely Bomanins derived from a polyprotein precursor Baramicin A (BaraA). Unexpectedly, deletion cluster 10 phenocopies mutant phenotype susceptibility infections. Here, we demonstrate BaraA required specifically host defense Enterococcus faecalis entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii , albeit fungal burden altered mutants. protects fly action distinct toxins these pathogens, respectively, Enterocin V Destruxin A. injection leads rapid paralysis flies, whether wild type (WT) mutant. However, larger fraction wild-type than flies recovers within 5 h. BaraAs' function protecting deleterious glial cells, highlighting resilience for nervous system microbial virulence factors. Thus, complement current paradigm, innate immunity can cope effectively with effects pathogens through secretion dedicated peptides, independently xenobiotics detoxification pathways.

Language: Английский

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The Toll pathway mediates Drosophila resilience to Aspergillus mycotoxins through specific Bomanins

EMBO Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Nov. 2, 2022

Host defense against infections encompasses both resistance, which targets microorganisms for neutralization or elimination, and resilience/disease tolerance, allows the host to withstand/tolerate pathogens repair damages. In Drosophila, Toll signaling pathway is thought mediate resistance fungal by regulating secretion of antimicrobial peptides, potentially including Bomanins. We find that Aspergillus fumigatus kills Drosophila mutants without invasion because its dissemination blocked melanization, suggesting a role in distinct from resistance. report affecting 55C Bomanin locus are susceptible injection two mycotoxins, restrictocin verruculogen. The vulnerability deletion these mycotoxins rescued overexpression Bomanins specific each challenge. Mechanistically, flies BomS6 expressed nervous system exhibit an enhanced recovery tremors induced injected verruculogen display improved survival. Thus, innate immunity also protects action microbial toxins through secreted peptides thereby increases resilience infection.

Language: Английский

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Emerging roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity, neuronal function, and neurodegeneration

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 47(11), P. 949 - 961

Published: Oct. 9, 2024

Language: Английский

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Varying phylogenetic signal in susceptibility to four bacterial pathogens across species of Drosophilidae

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 292(2045)

Published: April 1, 2025

Bacterial infections are a major threat to public health. Pathogen host shifts—where pathogen jumps from one species another—are important sources of emerging infectious diseases. However, compared with viruses, we know relatively little about the factors that determine whether bacteria can infect novel host, such as how phylogenetics constrains variation in range and link between phylogeny infectivity virulence pathogen. Here, experimentally examined susceptibility bacterial using panel 36 Drosophilidae four pathogens ( Providencia rettgeri , Pseudomonas entomophila Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus ). The outcomes infection differed greatly among across species. explains considerable amount susceptibility, greatest phylogenetic signal for P. infection, explaining 94% mortality. Positive correlations were observed mortality load three out pathogens. Correlations positive but largely non-significant, suggesting is mostly pathogen-specific. These results suggest may be predicted by phylogeny, effect vary magnitude different bacteria.

Language: Английский

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Distinct Bomanins at theDrosophila 55Clocus function in resistance and resilience to infections

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 21, 2025

Abstract Host defense against many Gram-positive bacteria and fungal pathogens is mainly provided by the Toll-dependent systemic immune response in Drosophila . While antimicrobial peptides active these categories of contribute only modestly to protection, Bomanin are major effectors Toll pathway. Remarkably, flies deleted for 55C locus that contains 10 genes as sensitive pathway mutant infections. Yet, exact functions single Bomanins resistance or resilience infections remain poorly characterized. Here, we have extensively studied role genes. BomT1 Enterococcus faecalis while playing a Metarhizium robertsii infection, like BomS2. BomT2 prevent dissemination Candida albicans throughout host, even though they not sufficient confer protection immunodeficient this pathogen survival experiments. Furthermore, BomBc1 mutants an Aspergillus fumigatus ribotoxin. We conclude defined albeit sometimes overlapping roles different facets host

Language: Английский

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A blood test to monitor bee health across a European network of agricultural sites of different land-use by MALDI BeeTyping mass spectrometry

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 929, P. 172239 - 172239

Published: April 5, 2024

Language: Английский

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