Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: June 20, 2022

Abstract In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, the fact that many tumors respond poorly or even not ICIs, partly caused absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), significantly limits application ICIs. Converting these “cold” into “hot” may ICIs is an unsolved question immunotherapy. Since it a general characteristic cancers resist apoptosis, induction non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) emerging as new treatment strategy. Recently, several studies have revealed interaction between RCD and antitumor immunity. Specifically, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis exhibit synergistic responses while possibly exerting inhibitory effects on responses. Thus, targeted therapies (inducers inhibitors) against combination with exert potent activity, resistant This review summarizes multilevel relationship immunity RCD, including necroptosis, potential targeting improve efficacy malignancy.

Language: Английский

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Signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis

FEBS Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 289(22), P. 7038 - 7050

Published: June 6, 2021

As a type of lytic cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane damage, ferroptosis occurs develops because sophisticated signals regulatory mechanisms. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) used to initiate come from variety sources, including iron‐mediated Fenton reactions, mitochondrial ROS, membrane‐associated ROS the NOX protein family. Polyunsaturated fatty acid‐containing phospholipids are main substrates in ferroptosis, which is positively regulated enzymes, such as ACSL4, LPCAT3, ALOXs, or POR. Selective activation autophagic degradation pathways promotes increasing iron accumulation cause peroxidation. In contrast, system xc – ‐glutathione–GPX4 axis plays central role limiting peroxidation, although other antioxidants (such coenzyme Q10 tetrahydrobiopterin) can also inhibit ferroptosis. A nuclear mechanism defense against NFE2L2‐dependent antioxidant response transcriptionally upregulating expression cytoprotective genes. Additionally, damage caused ferroptotic stimulus be repaired ESCRT‐III‐dependent scission machinery. this review, we summarize recent progress understanding signaling mechanisms

Language: Английский

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Autophagy: Regulator of cell death

Cell Death and Disease, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(10)

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Abstract Autophagy is the process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Generally, autophagy plays a protective role in cells, but disruption of mechanisms or excessive autophagic flux usually leads cell death. Despite recent progress study regulation underlying molecular autophagy, numerous questions remain be answered. How does regulate death? What are fine-tuned regulatory autophagy-dependent death (ADCD) autophagy-mediated (AMCD)? In this article, we highlight different roles discuss six main autophagy-related modalities, with focus on metabolic changes caused endoplasmic reticulum-phagy (ER-phagy)-induced mitophagy ferroptosis. Finally, enhancement treatment diseases offer new perspective based use for functional conversions (including conversion that modalities) clinical tumors.

Language: Английский

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Copper-dependent autophagic degradation of GPX4 drives ferroptosis

Autophagy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(7), P. 1982 - 1996

Published: Jan. 9, 2023

Ferroptosis is a type of iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Although GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4) plays master role in blocking ferroptosis eliminating phospholipid hydroperoxides, the regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we report an unexpected for copper promoting ferroptotic death, but not cuproptosis, inducing macroautophagic/autophagic degradation GPX4. Copper chelators reduce sensitivity do inhibit other types such as apoptosis, necroptosis, alkaliptosis. Conversely, exogenous increases ubiquitination formation aggregates directly binding to protein cysteines C107 C148. TAX1BP1 (Tax1 1) then acts autophagic receptor subsequent response stress. Consequently, enhances ferroptosis-mediated tumor suppression mouse model pancreatic cancer tumor, whereas attenuate experimental acute pancreatitis associated with ferroptosis. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into link between metal stress autophagy-dependent death.Abbreviations: CALCOCO2, calcium coiled-coil domain 2; GPX4, glutathione 4; MAP1LC3A/B, microtubule 1 light chain 3 alpha/beta; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NCOA4, nuclear coactivator OPTN, optineurin; PDAC, ductal adenocarcinoma; RIPK1, interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLC40A1, solute carrier family 40 member SQSTM1, sequestosome TAX1BP1, Tax1 TEPA, tetraethylenepentamine; TM, tetrathiomolybdate.

Language: Английский

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Copper metabolism in cell death and autophagy

Autophagy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(8), P. 2175 - 2195

Published: April 14, 2023

Copper is an essential trace element in biological systems, maintaining the activity of enzymes and function transcription factors. However, at high concentrations, copper ions show increased toxicity by inducing regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis. Furthermore, can trigger macroautophagy/autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that plays dual role regulating survival or death fate cells under various stress conditions. Pathologically, impaired metabolism due to environmental genetic causes implicated variety human diseases, rare Wilson disease common cancers. Therapeutically, copper-based compounds are potential chemotherapeutic agents be used alone combination with other drugs approaches treat cancer. Here, we review progress made understanding metabolic processes their impact on regulation autophagy. This knowledge may help design future clinical tools improve cancer diagnosis treatment.

Language: Английский

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Organelle-specific regulation of ferroptosis

Cell Death and Differentiation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 28(10), P. 2843 - 2856

Published: Aug. 31, 2021

Language: Английский

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Cell death in pancreatic cancer: from pathogenesis to therapy

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(11), P. 804 - 823

Published: July 30, 2021

Language: Английский

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GPX4 in cell death, autophagy, and disease

Autophagy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(10), P. 2621 - 2638

Published: June 4, 2023

Selenoprotein GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4), originally known as PHGPX (phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase), is the main oxidoreductase in use of a reducing agent scavenging lipid peroxidation products. There are three isoforms: cytosolic (cGPX4), mitochondrial (mGPX4), and nuclear (nGPX4), with distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns during embryonic development adult life. In addition to inducing phenotype ferroptosis, loss can some cells trigger apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, or parthanatos, which mediates accelerates developmental defects, tissue damage, sterile inflammation. The interaction autophagic degradation pathway further modulates cell fate response oxidative stress. Impaired function implicated tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, infertility, inflammation, immune disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury. Additionally, R152H mutation promote Sedaghatian-type spinal metaphyseal dysplasia, rare fatal disease newborns. Here, we discuss roles classical functions well emerging GPX4-regulated processes death, autophagy, disease.Abbreviations: AA: arachidonic acid; cGPX4: GPX4; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; mGPX4: nGPX4: GSDMD-N: N-terminal fragment GSDMD; I/R: ischemia-reperfusion; PLOOH: phospholipid hydroperoxide; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RCD: regulated death; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Se: selenium; SSMD: spondylometaphyseal dysplasia; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system

Language: Английский

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Fin56-induced ferroptosis is supported by autophagy-mediated GPX4 degradation and functions synergistically with mTOR inhibition to kill bladder cancer cells

Cell Death and Disease, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(11)

Published: Oct. 29, 2021

Abstract Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that emerges to be relevant for therapy-resistant and dedifferentiating cancers. Although several lines evidence suggest ferroptosis type autophagy-dependent death, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Fin56, 3 inducer, triggers by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein degradation via not fully understood pathway. Here, we determined Fin56 induces autophagy in bladder cancer cells Fin56-triggered mechanistically depends on autophagic machinery. Furthermore, found inhibition at different stages attenuates Fin56-induced oxidative stress GPX4 degradation. Moreover, investigated effects combination with Torin 2, potent mTOR inhibitor used activate autophagy, viability. We synergizes 2 cytotoxicity against cells. Collectively, our findings only support concept but imply combined application inducers inhibitors promising approach improve therapeutic options treatment cancer.

Language: Английский

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The STING1 network regulates autophagy and cell death

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: June 2, 2021

Cell death and immune response are at the core of life. In past decades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein STING1 (also known as STING or TMEM173) was found to play a fundamental role in production type I interferons (IFNs) pro-inflammatory cytokines DNA derived from invading microbial pathogens damaged hosts by activating multiple transcription factors. addition this well-known function infection, inflammation, immunity, emerging evidence suggests that STING1-dependent signaling network is implicated health disease regulating autophagic degradation various cell modalities (e.g., apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitotic death, immunogenic [ICD]). Here, we outline latest advances our understanding mechanisms pathways autophagy which may shed light on new targets for therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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