The interaction of innate immune and adaptive immune system

MedComm, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(10)

Published: Sept. 15, 2024

The innate immune system serves as the body's first line of defense, utilizing pattern recognition receptors like Toll-like to detect pathogens and initiate rapid response mechanisms. Following this initial response, adaptive immunity provides highly specific sustained killing via B cells, T antibodies. Traditionally, it has been assumed that activates immunity; however, recent studies have revealed more complex interactions. This review a detailed dissection composition function systems, emphasizing their synergistic roles in physiological pathological contexts, providing new insights into link between these two forms immunity. Precise regulation both systems at same time is beneficial fight against immune-related diseases, for example, cGAS-STING pathway found play an important role infections cancers. In addition, paper summarizes challenges future directions field immunity, including latest single-cell sequencing technologies, CAR-T cell therapy, checkpoint inhibitors. By summarizing developments, aims enhance our understanding complexity interactions perspectives system.

Language: Английский

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The relationship between vaccination and uveitis: A comprehensive review of immune response, risk assessment, and clinical implications

Eye & ENT Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 16, 2025

Abstract Uveitis, an intraocular inflammatory condition, can lead to significant visual impairment and is often associated with abnormal immune system activation. While vaccination stands as a pivotal defense against numerous infectious diseases, its safety effectiveness in individuals uveitis have come under heightened scrutiny. This concern arises from the potential impact of both disease itself immunosuppressive treatments on function. Several studies drawn connections between various vaccines onset uveitis, particularly hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, influenza vaccines. Furthermore, though exceedingly rare, instances following COVID‐19 been documented, adding another layer complexity. review delves into intricate relationship assesses risks for those afflicted, explores underlying mechanisms behind vaccine‐induced uveitis. Finally, it offers recommendations patients emphasizes imperative further investigation unravel complex dynamics ultimately informing clinical practice.

Language: Английский

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The significance of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in infection and clearance of hepatitis B virus

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

One of the key features chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is inability to mount sufficient and coordinated adaptive immune responses against HBV. Recent studies on HBV-specific cells antibody surface antigen (anti-HBs) have shed light their role in pathogenesis (CHB). Anti-HBs recognized as a protective marker, both for HBV clearance following vaccination, it also considered an important indicator functional cure CHB. Notably, impairment may be reversible. The restoration cell function, along with induction anti-HBs response, regarded pivotal terminating achieving cure. This article reviews significance HBV, discusses potential neutralizing antibodies therapeutic vaccines promising future strategies.

Language: Английский

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Deciphering the Complexities of Adult Human Steady State and Stress-Induced Hematopoiesis: Progress and Challenges

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(2), P. 671 - 671

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have traditionally been viewed as self-renewing, multipotent with enormous potential in sustaining essential steady state blood and immune cell production throughout life. Indeed, around 86% (1011-1012) of new generated daily a healthy young human adult are origin. Therapeutically, HSCs contributed to over 1.5 million transplants (HCTs) globally, making this the most successful regenerative therapy date. We will commence review by briefly highlighting selected key achievements (from 1868 end 20th century) that accomplishment. Much our knowledge hematopoiesis is based on small animal models that, despite their importance, do not always recapitulate hematopoiesis. Given this, we critically progress challenges faced identifying tracing lineage differentiation trajectories, referring murine studies needed. Moving forward given dynamic can readily adjust variety stressors, then discuss recent research advances contributing understanding (i) which HSPCs maintain hematopoiesis, (ii) where these located, (iii) mechanisms come into play when homeostatic switches stress-induced or emergency

Language: Английский

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Transformation of NETs under the effect of pathogens and IgG

Bulletin of Siberian Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 22 - 30

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Background . Many studies have shown that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the form of web-like structures are present peripheral blood patients with inflammatory diseases. In our research, addition to traditional NET structures, several anomalous forms were identified, including NETs cloud-like appearance. Aim To investigate morphological and functional transformation under influence Klebsiella pneumoniae immunoglobulin G (IgG). Materials methods The study included 42 Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 51: 28 acute inflammation abdominal cavity (appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis), 6 diagnosed ulcerative colitis, 8 hernias. Neutrophils isolated using gradient-density centrifugation. calculate NETs, we used SYBR Green I-induced fluorescence microscopy (Evrogen, Russia), dye specifically interacting double-stranded DNA. activity was determined (ATCC 700603) capture test. Results diseases postoperative period, times lower than healthy individuals. these bind no more 20 cells microorganism. Under effect IgG, networks transform into loose which can hardly pathogen, binding only 8.46 ± 0.44 Spontaneous enzymatic degradation cloud like may be accompanied by production secondary alteration factors. Conclusion results provide grounds for development new approaches elaborating vaccination regimens immunobiologics require preliminary monitoring state innate immunity, particular, patient’s body.

Language: Английский

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Shared clinical and immunologic features of mRNA vaccines: preliminary results from a comparative clinical study

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 10, 2025

Clinical trials do not typically assess underlying molecular mechanisms of vaccine immunogenicity or reactogenicity. We evaluated the reactogenicity and 4 mRNA vaccines potential contributing identified shared unique clinical immunologic features. This ongoing, open-label, phase 1 trial randomized healthy adults (18-75 years) to receive a single dose mRNA-1273.222 (bivalent COVID-19), mRNA-1345 (RSV), mRNA-1010 (influenza), FLUAD (active influenza comparator) 2 3 doses mRNA-1647 (CMV). The primary objective was safety each study vaccine, with humoral (neutralizing antibody [nAb] responses) as secondary objective. interim analysis reports in all single-dose (mRNA-1273.222, mRNA-1345, mRNA-1010, FLUAD). Exploratory objectives included antigen-specific T-cell responses after mRNA-1273.222, soluble mediators inflammation innate immunity following vaccination groups two mRNA-1647. At data cutoff (February 1, 2023), 302 participants received vaccines. Reactogenicity exhibited consistent trend across groups; most solicited local systemic adverse reactions within 7 days were mild moderate severity. There no deaths serious, severe, treatment-related events leading discontinuation. Day 29, nAb titers against vaccine-specific antigens increased 2- 8-fold versus baseline for groups. In an exploratory analysis, induced Th1-biased CD4+ CD8+ at 29. cytokine response showed levels IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-2Ra, CXCL9, IP-10, MCP-2, MIP-1β on vaccination, generally greater increases observed FLUAD. Regardless age groups, peak serum IL-1Ra MCP-1/MCP-2 weakly correlated scores (correlation coefficient range: 0.15-0.27). had acceptable reactogenicity, demonstrated changes biomarkers immune activation, immunogenic. suggests that may be related features platform (LNP platform). ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05397223.

Language: Английский

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Feasibility of Using a Type I IFN-Based Non-Animal Approach to Predict Vaccine Efficacy and Safety Profiles

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 583 - 583

Published: May 27, 2024

Animal-based tests are used for the control of vaccine quality. However, because highly purified and safe vaccines now available, alternative approaches that can replace or reduce animal use assessment outcomes must be established. In vitro quality exist have already been implemented. these specifically designed some next-generation vaccines, this makes them not readily available testing other vaccines. Therefore, universal non-animal still needed. Specific signatures innate immune response could represent a promising approach to predict outcome by methods. Type I interferons (IFNs) multiple immunomodulatory activities, which exerted through effectors called interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), one most important might provide potential candidate molecular biomarkers purpose. This paper will mainly examine if idea feasible analyzing all relevant published studies provided type IFN-related evaluating safety efficacy profiles using an advanced transcriptomic as Results revealed such potentially predictive after addressing limitations.

Language: Английский

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Editorial to special issue “The power of immunoprofiling supported by computational data integration and machine learning”

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: March 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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Cell-free immuno-profiling on a genetically programmed biochip

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 9, 2024

Abstract Emerging cell-free synthetic biology approaches provide biosafe, cheap, and versatile genetic tools to advance therapeutic research development. Combined with micro-fabrication technology, we developed a platform quantitatively reconstitute interactions of synthesized antigens antibodies human receptors in miniaturized compartments on silicon chip. Photolithographic surface patterning protein traps chip expression from high density gene brushes generated continuous gradient fluorescently labeled antigens. Antibodies binding the antigen generate full curve each single compartment for affinity determination. We used SARS-CoV-2 as model profile specificity monoclonal > 30 viral epitopes simultaneously one genotype-phenotype linked compartments. further profiled polyclonal minute volumes sera, revealing patient-specific epitope profiles that are difficult detect by conventional approaches. Cell-free co-synthesis ACE2 receptor Receptor-Binding-Domain yielded relative affinities different variants. This rapid, quantitative, on-chip genetically programmed approach allows study complex protein-protein independent purification steps immuno-profiling fast response time combating emerging pathogens.

Language: Английский

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