Global Carbon Budget 2022

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(11), P. 4811 - 4900

Published: Nov. 11, 2022

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand global cycle, support development policies, project future change. Here we describe synthesize data sets methodologies quantify five major components budget uncertainties. Fossil CO2 (EFOS) are based on energy statistics cement production data, while from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, land use bookkeeping models. Atmospheric concentration measured directly, its growth rate (GATM) computed annual changes concentration. The ocean sink (SOCEAN) estimated with biogeochemistry models observation-based products. (SLAND) dynamic vegetation resulting imbalance (BIM), difference between total biosphere, measure imperfect understanding contemporary cycle. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ. For year 2021, EFOS increased by 5.1 % relative 2020, fossil at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.9 when carbonation included), ELUC was 1.1 0.7 yr−1, for emission (including sink) 10.9 0.8 (40.0 2.9 GtCO2). Also, GATM 5.2 0.2 (2.5 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 0.4 SLAND 3.5 0.9 BIM −0.6 (i.e. sources were too low or sinks high). atmospheric averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ppm. Preliminary 2022 suggest an increase +1.0 (0.1 1.9 %) globally reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, mean trend consistently period 1959–2021, but discrepancies up 1 persist representation semi-decadal variability fluxes. Comparison estimates multiple approaches observations shows (1) persistent large uncertainty estimate emissions, (2) agreement different methods magnitude flux northern extratropics, (3) discrepancy strength last decade. This living update documents used this new progress cycle compared previous publications set. presented work available https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).

Language: Английский

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Global Carbon Budget 2023

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(12), P. 5301 - 5369

Published: Nov. 30, 2023

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand global cycle, support development policies, project future change. Here we describe synthesize data sets methodology quantify five major components budget uncertainties. Fossil CO2 (EFOS) are based on energy statistics cement production data, while from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, bookkeeping models. Atmospheric concentration measured directly, its growth rate (GATM) computed annual changes concentration. The ocean sink (SOCEAN) estimated with biogeochemistry models observation-based fCO2 products. (SLAND) dynamic vegetation Additional lines evidence land sinks provided by atmospheric inversions, oxygen measurements, Earth system resulting imbalance (BIM), difference between total biosphere, measure imperfect incomplete understanding contemporary cycle. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ. For year 2022, EFOS increased 0.9 % relative 2021, fossil at 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1 (10.2±0.5 when carbonation not included), ELUC was 1.2±0.7 yr−1, for emission (including sink) 11.1±0.8 (40.7±3.2 yr−1). Also, GATM 4.6±0.2 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr−1; denotes parts per million), SOCEAN 2.8±0.4 SLAND 3.8±0.8 BIM −0.1 (i.e. sources marginally too low or high). averaged over 2022 reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Preliminary 2023 suggest an increase +1.1 (0.0 2.1 %) globally reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 above pre-industrial level (around 278 1750). Overall, mean trend consistently period 1959–2022, near-zero overall imbalance, although discrepancies up around 1 persist representation semi-decadal variability fluxes. Comparison estimates multiple approaches observations shows following: (1) persistent large uncertainty estimate emissions, (2) agreement different methods magnitude flux northern extra-tropics, (3) discrepancy strength last decade. This living-data update documents applied this most recent well evolving community presented work available https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023).

Language: Английский

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Monitoring global carbon emissions in 2022

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(4), P. 205 - 206

Published: March 13, 2023

Language: Английский

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Current status of CO2 capture with ionic liquids: Development and progress

Fuel, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 344, P. 128102 - 128102

Published: March 15, 2023

Global warming triggered by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), significantly influences climate change and has become a common environmental issue recently. The current amine-based technologies (ABTs) for CO2 capture (CAPCO2) have high energy demand, low absorption, desorption rates, are less environmentally sustainable due to emissions of volatile solvents. Therefore, the development friendly CAPCO2 materials and/or processes is growing area research. utilization ionic liquids (ILs) recently attracted attention. unique characteristics ILs, such as their vapor pressure affinity well volatility make them viable substitute existing processes. This work provides comprehensive overview accomplishments challenges during use ILs CAPCO2. Review also outlines mechanisms with at molecular level, properties characterization CO2/IL systems, effect operating conditions on uptake (UPCO2) capacity ILs. It emphasizes impact cations, anions, functional groups solubility ((SCO2)) in biodegradability toxicity Additionally, recent advances IL membrane technology considered. Lastly, contribution simulations create assess was reviewed. Protic aprotic shown outstanding efficiency UPCO2. interactions between anionic part enhance UPCO2 outperform traditional organic Functionalized (FUNILs) tuned groups, supported membranes (SILMs) reversible (RILs) improved promising capturing process from industrial streams even under partial pressure. relative importance chemical breakdown constituents (cation–anion interfacial structuring) different temperatures unclear, more research this required better inform design new review proper/systematic guideline help manufacturers engineers high-capacity appropriate

Language: Английский

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Global patterns of daily CO2 emissions reductions in the first year of COVID-19

Nature Geoscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(8), P. 615 - 620

Published: June 30, 2022

The diurnal cycle CO$_2$ emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reflect seasonality, weather conditions, working days, more recently the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Here, for first time we provide a daily emission dataset whole year 2020 calculated inventory near-real-time activity data (called Carbon Monitor project: https://carbonmonitor.org). It was previously suggested preliminary estimates that did not cover entire pandemics may have caused than 8% annual decline global emissions. Here show detailed full reduction only 5.4% (-1,901 MtCO$_2$, ). This decrease is 5 times larger drop at peak 2008 Global Financial Crisis. However, gradually recovered towards 2019 levels late April with partial re-opening. More importantly, even increased slightly by +0.9% in December compared 2019, indicating trends rebound Later waves infections corresponding lockdowns further reductions particularly western countries, but to much smaller extent declines wave. That substantial world-wide led one-time one highlights significant challenges climate change mitigation face post-COVID era. These are significant, will be quickly overtaken new unless crisis utilized as break-point our fossil-fuel trajectory, notably through policies make recovery an opportunity green national energy development plans.

Language: Английский

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Application of biochar derived from crops residues for biofuel production

Fuel Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15, P. 100088 - 100088

Published: March 13, 2023

Crop residues are a major component of lignocellulosic biomass waste generated from the agriculture sector. Improper management these wastes pollutes environment, contaminates water bodies, and constitutes hazards to human health. The conversion crop biochar is an ecologically benign sustainable strategy for management. This review provides novel insight into techniques converting various classes such as straws, peels, bagasse, husks, shells, cobs, stubbles biofuel production. updated information on description, benefits, drawbacks production including traditional, modern, also surveyed. study concluded effectiveness derived catalysts or support biodiesel, biohydrogen, biomethane deployment residue cost-effective, eco-friendly, contributes environmental sustainability. More multidisciplinary investigations required harness benefits derivable application synthesis confront challenges associated with generation process guarantee intensification use innovative technologies should be encouraged guide future research toward ensuring cleaner, ecological utilization

Language: Английский

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The novel contribution of non-noble metal catalysts for intensified carbon dioxide hydrogenation: Recent challenges and opportunities

Energy Conversion and Management, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 279, P. 116755 - 116755

Published: Feb. 4, 2023

Language: Английский

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Marginal effect of electricity generation on CO2 emissions: Disaggregated level evidence from China by KRLS method and high-frequency daily data

Energy Strategy Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 53, P. 101382 - 101382

Published: April 16, 2024

The effect of energy use on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has been frequently studied in the literature. These studies have mainly concluded that countries should decline (increase) fossil fuel (clean) energy. However, literature suffers from a significant shortcoming as it does not focus marginal 1 % increase for each generation source sectoral CO2 emissions. Therefore, detailed analysis is conducted this study to examine relationship between electricity (EG) and at disaggregated level. China, world's leading country terms use. Thus, considers source-based EG sector-based emissions, uses high-frequency daily data January 1, 2019, December 31, 2022, applies kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) method. outcomes show (i) effects sources follow nonlinear structure, suggesting varies by sector, sources, estimation models (either incremental or degressive). there are certain externalities among alternative sectors; (ii) statistically vary sector constructed models, showing some much more important sectors. For reason, all same importance emissions; (iii) KRLS method higher ability reaching ∼99.8 %, which provides novel allows researchers argue various policy options based obtained results. thus highlights varying impacts changing influence crucial point be considered Chinese policymakers when formulating energy-related environmental policies.

Language: Английский

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Global Carbon Budget 2024

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 965 - 1039

Published: March 14, 2025

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand global cycle, support development policies, project future change. Here we describe synthesize datasets methodologies quantify five major components budget uncertainties. Fossil CO2 (EFOS) are based on energy statistics cement production data, while from land-use change (ELUC) data bookkeeping models. Atmospheric concentration measured directly, its growth rate (GATM) computed annual changes concentration. The net uptake by ocean (SOCEAN, called sink) estimated with biogeochemistry models observation-based fCO2 products (fCO2 fugacity CO2). land (SLAND, dynamic vegetation Additional lines evidence sinks provided atmospheric inversions, oxygen measurements, Earth system sum all sources results imbalance (BIM), measure imperfect incomplete understanding contemporary cycle. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ. For year 2023, EFOS increased 1.3 % relative 2022, fossil at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (10.3 when carbonation sink not included), ELUC was 1.0 0.7 yr−1, for total emission (including 11.1 0.9 (40.6 3.2 GtCO2 yr−1). Also, GATM 5.9 0.2 (2.79 0.1 ppm yr−1; denotes parts per million), SOCEAN 2.9 0.4 SLAND 2.3 near-zero BIM (−0.02 averaged over 2023 reached 419.31 ppm. Preliminary 2024 suggest an increase +0.8 (−0.2 1.7 %) globally 2.87 ppm, reaching 422.45 52 above pre-industrial level (around 278 1750). Overall, mean trend consistently period 1959–2023, overall imbalance, although discrepancies up around 1 persist representation semi-decadal variability fluxes. Comparison estimates multiple approaches observations shows following: (1) persistent large uncertainty estimate emissions, (2) low agreement between different methods magnitude flux northern extra-tropics, (3) discrepancy sink. This living-data update documents applied this most recent well evolving community presented work available https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2024 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024).

Language: Английский

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Carbon migration of microalgae from cultivation towards biofuel production by hydrothermal technology: A review

Fuel Processing Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 240, P. 107563 - 107563

Published: Nov. 16, 2022

Language: Английский

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