Smart Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles in the Brain: Unveiling their Biology, Diagnostic Potential, and Therapeutic Applications

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 6709 - 6742

Published: Feb. 5, 2024

Information exchange is essential for the brain, where it communicates physiological and pathological signals to periphery vice versa. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-bound cellular informants actively transferring informative calls from brain via lipids, proteins, nucleic acid cargos. In recent years, EVs have also been widely used understand function, given their "cell-like" properties. On one hand, presence neuron astrocyte-derived in biological fluids exploited as biomarkers mechanisms progression multiple neurological disorders; on other, designing targeted therapies due potential cross blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Despite expanding literature context central nervous system (CNS) physiology related disorders, comprehensive compilation existing knowledge still needs be made available. current review, we provide detailed insight into multifaceted role brain-derived extracellular (BDEVs) intricate regulation physiology. Our focus extends significance these spectrum including tumors, neurodegenerative conditions, neuropsychiatric diseases, autoimmune others. Throughout parallels drawn using various evaluating utility early detection monitoring. Additionally, discuss promising prospects utilizing therapy while acknowledging limitations challenges associated with applications clinical scenarios. A foundational comprehension state-of-the-art EV research informing design future studies.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes: potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Journal of Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 29, 2024

Abstract The field of neuropsychiatry is considered a middle ground between neurological and psychiatric disorders, thereby bridging the conventional boundaries matter mind, consciousness, function. Neuropsychiatry aims to evaluate treat cognitive, behavioral, emotional disorders in individuals with conditions. However, pathophysiology these not yet fully understood, objective biological indicators for conditions are currently lacking. Treatment options also limited due blood–brain barrier, which results poor treatment effects. Additionally, many drugs, particularly antipsychotic have adverse reactions, make them difficult tolerate patients. As result, patients often abandon owing reactions. Since discovery exosomes 1983, they been extensively studied various diseases their potential as nanocellulators information exchange cells. Because can freely travel center periphery, brain-derived reflect state brain, has considerable advantages diagnosis treatment. In addition, administration engineered improve therapeutic efficacy, allow lesion targeting, ensure drug stability, prevent systemic Therefore, this article reviews source function exosomes, relationship pathological mechanism neuropsychiatric application disorders.

Language: Английский

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Brain incoming call from glia during neuroinflammation: Roles of extracellular vesicles

Neurobiology of Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 201, P. 106663 - 106663

Published: Sept. 7, 2024

Language: Английский

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Composition, functions, and applications of exosomal membrane proteins

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Aug. 1, 2024

Exosomes play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as human development, immune responses, and disease occurrence. The membrane proteins on exosomes are pivotal factors for their functionality. Currently, numerous have been identified exosome membranes, participating intercellular communication, mediating target cell recognition, regulating processes. Furthermore, from derived cancer cells can serve relevant biomarkers early diagnosis. This article provides comprehensive review of the composition diverse functions organism's Through in-depth exploration proteins, it is expected to offer essential foundations future development novel biomedical diagnostics therapies.

Language: Английский

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Stroke severity shapes extracellular vesicle profiles and their impact on the cerebral endothelial cells

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

Abstract Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) post‐stroke may help brain endothelial cells (BECs) counter ischaemic injury. However data on how EVs from patients, considering injury severity, affect these are limited. The aims were to characterize the inflammatory angiogenic components circulating in acute investigate whether differentially influence proangiogenic properties blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity human BECs. Eighteen patients (acute phase: 24–48 h) nine controls matched by age, sex, blood pressure studied. Stroke severity was classified as severe ( n = 9) or mild 9). Plasma analysed for size, concentration, protein markers (CD63, Alix, CD81, TSG101, HSP70), well proinflammatory proteins. EV uptake, cell viability, capacity, electrical resistance [TEER (transendothelial resistance)], dextran‐70 kD permeability assessed using microvascular (hCMEC/D3). had lower concentrations than p 0.075), with mild‐stroke having smallest EVs. Stroke‐derived higher levels interleukin 6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), nitrotyrosine, vascular growth (VEGF) but placental (PLGF) compared controls. IL‐6 strokes 0.0025), VEGF 0.048). severe‐stroke cases enhanced capacity minimally disrupted BBB. influences number, composition. promote BBB restoration cerebral angiogenesis, suggesting their role intercellular communication homeostasis tissue. image Key points one causes worldwide. After an several physiological processes triggered recover injured Increasing evidence has suggested that present bloodstream could play recovery, specific impact, especially concerning unclear. This study demonstrates plasma‐derived first‐ever have distinctive characteristics effects over angiogenesis integrity. Our proposes carry protective factors initiate recovery after episodes. These findings underscore potential effectors biomarkers stroke.

Language: Английский

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The roles and therapeutic potential of exosomal non-coding RNAs in microglia-mediated intercellular communication

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 148, P. 114049 - 114049

Published: Jan. 16, 2025

Language: Английский

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Preclinical Alzheimer's disease shows alterations in circulating neuronal‐derived extracellular vesicle microRNAs in a multiethnic cohort

Alzheimer s & Dementia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21(3)

Published: March 1, 2025

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, affecting around 50 million individuals worldwide. Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross blood-brain barrier carrying neuron-specific molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), which have potential biomarkers neurodegeneration. We explored association between neuronal-derived EV miRNAs from serum and AD clinical status by performing a transcriptome-wide study involving 46 participants with AD, 14 preclinical 60 neurologically healthy controls. identified associated risk, more pronounced transcriptional alterations in compared to individuals. Functional analysis revealed enrichment miRNA-target genes neurodegenerative pathways, highlighting synuclein alpha (SNCA), cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS), microtubule protein tau (MAPT) key targets. Our results highlight role EVs neurodegeneration suggest avenues for further research into brain-derived biomarkers. Neuronal-derived (NDEVs) carry brain tested NDEV (miRNAs) (AD). Fourteen were AD. Preclinical displayed changes than enriched pathways

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles lay the ground for neuronal plasticity by restoring mitochondrial function, cell metabolism and immune balance

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 12, 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) convey complex signals between cells that can be used to promote neuronal plasticity and neurological recovery in brain disease models. These EV are multimodal context-dependent, making them unique therapeutic principles. This review analyzes how EVs released from various cell sources control metabolic function, survival plasticity. Preferential sites of communication the interfaces pre- postsynaptic neurons at synapses, astrocytes plasma membranes or tripartite oligodendrocytes axons, microglial cells/macrophages neurons, cerebral microvascular neurons. At each these interfaces, support mitochondrial function metabolism under physiological conditions orchestrate response injury. In injured brain, promotion by is tightly linked with actions on metabolism, oxidative stress immune responses. Via stabilization balance, responses activated functional induced. As such, lay ground for

Language: Английский

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Mitochondria transfer for myelin repair

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 13, 2025

Demyelination is a common feature of neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis (MS). It often linked to disruptions in intercellular communication, bioenergetics metabolic balance accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction cells oligodendrocytes, neurons, astrocytes, microglia. Although current MS treatments focus on immunomodulation, they fail stop or reverse demyelination’s progression. Recent advancements highlight exchange promising therapeutic target, with potential restore homeostasis, enhance promote myelin repair. With this review we will provide insights into CNS decoupling, focusing role demyelinating conditions. We then discuss emerging cell-free biotherapies exploring transferring mitochondria via biogenic carriers like extracellular vesicles (EVs) synthetic liposomes, aimed at enhancing function support for Lastly, address key challenges clinical application these strategies future directions optimize biotherapies. The field hold promise restoring repair, potentially transforming landscape diseases.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms Tackling Salivary Gland Diseases with Extracellular Vesicle Therapies

Journal of Dental Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 25, 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enclosed particles released from cells, containing lipids, DNA, RNA, metabolites, and cytosolic cell surface proteins. EVs support intercellular communication orchestrate organogenesis by transferring bioactive molecules in between cells. Mesenchymal stem cells known to produce EVs, which exhibit immunomodulatory regenerative capabilities many target organs, including the salivary glands (SGs). Since cell-based therapies still pose challenges (e.g., donor variability, limited hemocompatibility, safety), specific may constitute a therapeutic alternative for SG diseases. New EV guidelines (MISEV2023) have recently been updated reported our consortium consolidate principles of biology expand boundaries toward innovative therapies. These provide valuable guidance researchers consistently assess effectiveness mesenchymal cell–derived cargo cues, such as microRNA, proteins, other molecules, This review provides narrative synthesis preclinical studies on highlighting mechanisms their potential applications diseases, radiotherapy-induced hypofunction Sjögren’s syndrome, well inflammatory aging-related conditions. Additionally, we highlight key areas MISEV2023 that will future EV-based research. adhered PRESS (Peer Review Electronic Search Strategies) utilized established databases, Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web Science, Scopus, alongside machine learning tools sorting most impactful

Language: Английский

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