IntechOpen eBooks,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: May 17, 2023
Acetylcholine
-
Recent
Advances
and
New
Perspectives
describes
research
related
to
the
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine
was
discovered
as
a
about
100
years
ago.
Still,
researchers
around
world
study
this
important
signaling
molecule
in
terms
of
its
chemistry,
biochemistry,
function
central
peripheral
nervous
system,
relevance
for
neurological
disorders
diseases.
This
book
focuses
on
role
acetylcholine
individual
nerve
cells,
neural
circuits,
specific
brain
regions.
In
addition,
illustrates
from
historical
perspectives
technological
advances,
well
use
novel
tools
health
disease,
various
animal
models
organisms.
As
an
added
benefit,
chapters
describe
relation
paraoxonase
enzymes,
esterase,
neurotoxins,
organophosphorus
compounds.
Furthermore,
provides
overview
work
that
is
being
done
highlights
any
gaps
areas
would
benefit
further
exploration.
It
useful
resource
students
biological,
chemical,
medical,
history
disciplines.
Brain,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
146(9), P. 3690 - 3704
Published: June 3, 2023
Cholinergic
changes
play
a
fundamental
role
in
the
natural
history
of
dementia
with
Lewy
bodies
and
body
disease
general.
Despite
important
achievements
field
cholinergic
research,
significant
challenges
remain.
We
conducted
study
four
main
objectives:
(i)
to
examine
integrity
terminals
newly
diagnosed
bodies;
(ii)
disentangle
contribution
by
comparing
patients
without
dementia;
(iii)
investigate
vivo
relationship
between
terminal
loss
atrophy
cell
clusters
basal
forebrain
at
different
stages
disease;
(iv)
test
whether
any
asymmetrical
degeneration
would
correlate
motor
dysfunction
hypometabolism.
To
achieve
these
objectives,
we
comparative
cross-sectional
25
(age
74
±
5
years,
84%
male),
15
healthy
control
subjects
75
6
67%
male)
Parkinson's
70
7
60%
male).
All
participants
underwent
18F-fluoroetoxybenzovesamicol
PET
high-resolution
structural
MRI.
In
addition,
collected
clinical
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose
images.
Brain
images
were
normalized
standard
space
regional
tracer
uptake
volumetric
indices
extracted.
Patients
showed
spatially
distinct
reductions
across
cerebral
cortex,
limbic
system,
thalamus
brainstem.
Also,
binding
cortical
regions
correlated
quantitatively
forebrain.
contrast,
decreased
cortex
despite
preserved
volumes.
dementia,
most
severe
least
occipital
compared
those
dementia.
Interhemispheric
asymmetry
brain
metabolism
lateralized
function.
conclusion,
this
provides
robust
evidence
for
bodies,
which
correlates
imaging
measures
degeneration.
our
findings
suggest
that
function
occurs
'before'
neuronal
Moreover,
supports
system
is
may
be
linked
other
transmitter
systems.
Our
have
implications
understanding
how
pathology
contributes
features
disease,
progression
patterns.
Brain,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
147(7), P. 2308 - 2324
Published: Feb. 29, 2024
Cholinergic
degeneration
is
significant
in
Lewy
body
disease,
including
Parkinson's
dementia
with
bodies,
and
isolated
REM
sleep
behaviour
disorder.
Extensive
research
has
demonstrated
cholinergic
alterations
the
CNS
of
these
disorders.
More
recently,
studies
have
revealed
denervation
organs
that
receive
parasympathetic
denervation.
This
enables
a
comprehensive
review
changes
encompassing
both
central
peripheral
regions,
various
disease
stages
diagnostic
categories.
Across
studies,
brain
regions
affected
show
equal
or
greater
levels
impairment
compared
to
without
dementia.
observation
suggests
continuum
between
Patients
exhibit
relative
sparing
limbic
whereas
occipital
superior
temporal
appear
be
similar
extent
patients
implies
posterior
cell
groups
basal
forebrain
are
early
disorders,
while
more
anterior
typically
later
progression.
The
topographical
observed
by
comorbid
Alzheimer
pathology
may
reflect
combination
seen
pure
forms
those
Alzheimer's
disease.
co-pathology
important
understand
Thalamic
innervation
dementia,
this
contribute
distinct
clinical
presentations
groups.
In
thalamus
variably
affected,
suggesting
different
sequential
involvement
disorder
demonstrate
abdominal
from
dorsal
motor
nucleus
vagus,
who
experienced
their
prodrome.
for
understanding
prodromal
manifest
phases
conclusion,
carry
implications
phenotypes
influence
co-pathology,
delineating
subtypes
pathological
spreading
routes,
developing
tailored
treatments
targeting
system.
Journal of Neurorestoratology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(2), P. 100054 - 100054
Published: April 27, 2023
There
was
much
progress
in
the
field
of
Neurorestoratology
year
2022.
It
included
highlighting
advances
understanding
pathogenesis
neurological
diseases,
neurorestorative
mechanisms,
and
clinical
treatments
as
compiled
2022
yearbook
Neurorestoratology.
is
still
controversy
about
whether
amyloid
β-protein
tau
protein
deposition
are
reasons
for
or
results
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
pathology.
The
fabricated
images
important
key
articles
that
speculated
on
AD
were
found.
Cholinergic
deficiency
decrease
loss
strength
glutamatergic
synapse,
limited
failing
bidirectional
cholinergic
upregulation
early
cognitive
impairment,
progressive
posterior-to-anterior
cortical
denervation
could
result
appearance
AD.
Exploration
mechanisms
found
more
detail
ways
neuromodulation,
immunomodulation,
neurogenesis,
neural
network
circuitry
reconstruction,
neuroprotection,
nervous
structural
repair,
neuroplasticity.
Several
kinds
cell
therapies
diseases
showed
effects
open-label
and/or
non-randomized
studies
trials.
However,
mesenchymal
stromal
cells
mononuclear
did
not
demonstrate
improve
quality
life
patients
with
neurodegenerative
neurotrauma
including
stroke,
spinal
cord
injury
(SCI),
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis
randomized,
double-blind,
placebo-controlled
trials
(RDPCTs).
Clinical
through
neurostimulation/neuromodulation
brain–computer/machine
interface
yielded
positive
AD,
Parkinson's
disease,
SCI,
cerebral
palsy,
other
RDPCTs.
Neurorestorative
surgery,
pharmaceutical
therapy
interventions
have
demonstrated
various
considered
incurable
Thus,
this
year,
additional
guidelines,
assessment
scales,
standards
set
up
revised.
These
guidelines
brain
trauma
(2022
China
version),
neurorestoration
(IANR/CANR
2022),
SCI
dysfunction
rating
scale
(SCIDQLRS)
(IANR
version).
varying
therapeutic
strategies
higher
evidence-based
medicine
now
benefiting
currently
diseases.
Hopefully
some
them
may
become
routine
these
near
future.
Brain,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
147(5), P. 1799 - 1808
Published: Dec. 18, 2023
Most
individuals
with
Parkinson's
disease
experience
cognitive
decline.
Mounting
evidence
suggests
this
is
partially
caused
by
cholinergic
denervation
due
to
α-synuclein
pathology
in
the
basal
forebrain.
Alpha-synuclein
deposition
causes
inflammation,
which
can
be
measured
free
water
fraction,
a
diffusion
MRI-derived
metric
of
extracellular
water.
Prior
studies
have
shown
an
association
between
forebrain
integrity
and
cognition,
levels
volume
acetylcholine,
but
no
study
has
directly
investigated
whether
physiology
mediates
relationship
acetylcholine
cognition
disease.
We
these
variables
cross-sectional
analysis
101
Cholinergic
were
using
fluorine-18
fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol
(18F-FEOBV)
PET
imaging.
innervation
regions
interest
included
medial,
lateral
capsular
perisylvian
hippocampus.
Brain
fraction
quantified
T1
MRI,
respectively.
Cognitive
measures
composites
attention/working
memory,
executive
function,
immediate
memory
delayed
memory.
Data
entered
into
parallel
mediation
analyses
projection
areas
as
predictors,
mediators
each
domain
outcomes.
All
controlled
for
age,
years
education,
levodopa
equivalency
dose
systolic
blood
pressure.
The
metrics
fully
mediated
medial
Basal
fraction.
For
all
mediations
was
significant,
while
not.
hippocampal
significant
models,
Free
temporal
These
findings
suggest
that
two
reflect
different
stages
neurodegenerative
processes
add
additional
forebrain,
decline
Annals of Neurology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
93(5), P. 991 - 998
Published: Jan. 4, 2023
Structural
imaging
of
the
cholinergic
basal
forebrain
may
provide
a
biomarker
for
system
integrity
that
can
be
used
in
motor
and
non-motor
outcome
studies
Parkinson's
disease.
However,
no
prior
have
validated
these
structural
metrics
with
nerve
terminal
vivo
Here,
we
correlate
morphometry
topography
vesicular
acetylcholine
transporter
large
sample.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Sept. 26, 2023
Abstract
Parkinson’s
disease
involves
multiple
neurotransmitter
systems
beyond
the
classical
dopaminergic
circuit,
but
their
influence
on
structural
and
functional
alterations
is
not
well
understood.
Here,
we
use
patient-specific
causal
brain
modeling
to
identify
latent
receptor-mediated
mechanisms
contributing
progression.
Combining
spatial
distribution
of
15
receptors
from
post-mortem
autoradiography
with
6
neuroimaging-derived
pathological
factors,
detect
a
diverse
set
influencing
gray
matter
atrophy,
activity
dysregulation,
microstructural
degeneration,
dendrite
transporter
loss.
Inter-individual
variability
in
receptor
correlates
symptom
severity
along
two
distinct
axes,
representing
motor
psychomotor
symptoms
large
GABAergic
glutamatergic
contributions,
cholinergically-dominant
visuospatial,
psychiatric
memory
dysfunction.
Our
work
demonstrates
that
architecture
helps
explain
multi-factorial
re-organization,
suggests
distinct,
co-existing
processes
underlie
disease.
Journal of Parkinson s Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(s2), P. S353 - S365
Published: Feb. 6, 2024
Assessing
imaging
biomarker
in
the
prodromal
and
early
phases
of
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
is
great
importance
to
ensure
an
safe
diagnosis.
In
last
decades,
modalities
advanced
are
now
able
assess
many
different
aspects
neurodegeneration
PD.
MRI
sequences
can
measure
iron
content
or
neuromelanin.
Apart
from
SPECT
with
Ioflupane,
more
specific
PET
tracers
degeneration
dopaminergic
system
available.
Furthermore,
metabolic
patterns
be
used
anticipate
a
phenoconversion
PD
manifest
this
regard,
it
worth
mentioning
that
inflammation
will
gain
significance.
Molecular
neurotransmitters
like
serotonin,
noradrenaline
acetylcholine
shed
light
on
non-motor
symptoms.
Outside
brain,
molecular
heart
gut
PD-related
autonomous
nervous
system.
Moreover,
optical
coherence
tomography
noninvasively
detect
retinal
fibers
as
potential
review,
we
describe
these
state-of-the-art
point
out
how
far
techniques
future
pave
way
towards
biomarker-based
staging
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(22), P. 12379 - 12379
Published: Nov. 18, 2024
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
progressive
neurological
that
causes
both
motor
and
nonmotor
symptoms.
While
our
understanding
of
putative
mechanisms
has
advanced
significantly,
it
remains
challenging
to
verify
biomarkers
with
sufficient
evidence
for
regular
clinical
use.
Clinical
symptoms
are
the
primary
basis
diagnosing
disease,
which
can
be
mild
in
early
stages
overlap
other
disorders.
As
result,
testing
medical
records
mostly
relied
upon
diagnosis,
posing
substantial
challenges
during
initial
diagnosis
continuous
monitoring.
Recent
biochemical,
neuroimaging,
genetic
have
helped
us
understand
pathophysiology
disease.
This
comprehensive
study
focuses
on
these
biomarkers,
were
chosen
based
their
relevance,
methodological
excellence,
contribution
field.
Biochemical
including
α-synuclein
glial
fibrillary
acidic
protein
(GFAP),
predict
severity
progression.
The
dopaminergic
system
widely
used
as
neuroimaging
biomarker
diagnose
PD.
Numerous
genes
genome
wide
association
(GWAS)
sites
been
related
development
research
SNCA
gene
leucine-rich
repeat
kinase
2
(LRRK2)
shown
promising
results.
By
evaluating
current
studies,
this
review
intends
uncover
gaps
validation
use,
while
also
highlighting
improvements.
It
emphasizes
need
dependable
reproducible
indicators
improving
PD
prognosis.
These
may
open
up
new
avenues
progression
tracking,
personalized
treatment
programs.
npj Parkinson s Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Aug. 14, 2024
Movement
disorders,
such
as
Parkinson's
disease,
essential
tremor,
and
dystonia,
are
characterized
by
their
predominant
motor
symptoms,
yet
diseases
causing
abnormal
movement
also
encompass
several
other
including
non-motor
symptoms.
Here
we
review
recent
advances
from
studies
of
brain
lesions,
neuroimaging,
neuromodulation
that
provide
converging
evidence
on
symptom-specific
networks
in
disorders.
Although
disorders
have
traditionally
been
conceptualized
the
basal
ganglia,
cumulative
data
lesions
parkinsonism,
tremor
dystonia
now
demonstrated
this
view
is
incomplete.
Several
shown
a
given
disorder
occur
heterogeneous
locations,
but
disrupt
common
networks,
which
appear
to
be
specific
each
phenotype.
In
addition,
findings
structural
functional
neuroimaging
abnormalities
extend
far
beyond
associated
with
fact,
strongly
influenced
constellation
patients'
symptoms
seem
map
rather
than
individual
anatomical
structures
or
single
neurotransmitters.
Finally,
observations
deep
stimulation
clinical
changes,
both
symptom
improvement
side
effects,
dependent
modulation
large-scale
instead
purely
local
effects
neuromodulation.
Combined,
multimodal
suggests
arise
distinct
encouraging
imaging
better
characterize
underlying
mechanisms
individually
tailor
treatment
approaches.