Changing resource landscapes and spillover of henipaviruses

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1429(1), P. 78 - 99

Published: Aug. 23, 2018

Abstract Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) provide critical pollination and seed dispersal services to forest ecosystems across Africa, Asia, Australia. In each of these regions, pteropodids have been identified as natural reservoir hosts for henipaviruses. The genus Henipavirus includes Hendra virus Nipah virus, which regularly spill over from domestic animals humans in Australia a suite largely uncharacterized African Rapid change bat habitat associated shifts their ecology behavior are well documented, with evidence suggesting that altered diet, roosting habitat, movement behaviors increasing spillover risk bat‐borne viruses. We review the ways changing resource landscapes affect processes culminate cross‐species transmission henipaviruses, host density distribution within‐host immunity recipient exposure. evaluate existing highlight gaps knowledge limiting our understanding ecological drivers henipavirus spillover. When considering context land‐use change, we emphasize it is especially important disentangle effects loss provisioning on processes, jointly consider changes abundance, quality, composition.

Language: Английский

---

The conservation physiology toolbox: status and opportunities

Conservation Physiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

For over a century, physiological tools and techniques have been allowing researchers to characterize how organisms respond changes in their natural environment they interact with human activities or infrastructure. Over time, many of these become part the conservation physiology toolbox, which is used monitor, predict, conserve, restore plant animal populations under threat. Here, we provide summary that currently comprise toolbox. By assessing patterns articles published 'Conservation Physiology' past 5 years focus on introducing, refining validating tools, an overview where are placing emphasis terms taxa sub-disciplines. Although there certainly diversity across metrics stress (particularly glucocorticoids) studies focusing mammals garnered greatest attention, both comprising majority publications (>45%). We also summarize types validations actively being completed, including those related logistics (sample collection, storage processing), interpretation variation traits relevance for science. Finally, recommendations future tool refinement, suggestions for: (i) improving our understanding applicability glucocorticoid physiology; (ii) linking multiple non-physiological tools; (iii) establishing framework (iv) links between environmental disturbance, fitness; (v) appreciating opportunities under-represented taxa; (vi) emphasizing validation as core component research programmes. Overall, confident will continue increase its more taxa, develop non-invasive techniques, delineate limitations exist, identify contexts necessary captivity wild.

Language: Английский

---

Behavioral plasticity can facilitate evolution in urban environments

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1092 - 1103

Published: Sept. 1, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Evidence linking cadmium and/or lead exposure to immunomodulatory effects in mammals based upon an adverse outcome pathways approach, and research perspectives

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 371, P. 144056 - 144056

Published: Jan. 4, 2025

For decades, studies have shown how exposure to non-essential trace metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) largely impact global wildlife. Ecoimmunotoxicology has emerged in the past two decades focuses on effects of pollutants immune system free-ranging organisms. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) represent a conceptual approach explore mechanistic linkage between molecular initiating event adverse outcomes, potentially at all biological levels organisation. The present paper proposes putative AOPs related Cd, Pb, mixture Cd-Pb, mammals address future questions ecoimmunotoxicology. Molecular Initiating Events for both relate entrance cells through Ca2+ channels or bond cell surfaces. Exposure Pb Cd-Pb share several similar Key (KEs), primarily an increase oxidative stress (OS) production reactive oxygen species. mixture, OS affects mitochondrial membranes, induces apoptosis, ultimately decreasing number. Both affect innate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signalling pathways, leading upregulation markers mediators. Adaptive is also affected by though decrease CD4+/CD8+ ratio, MHCII, inactivation TH1 TH2 response, inhibition humoral response mediated various Ig. Mixture are less documented resulting more speculative AOP, but potential synergic antagonistic were identified. According our AOPs, further research ecoimmunotoxicology should focus KEs NF-κB/MAPK changes ratio MHCII complexes, AOs auto-immune disorders effective infection rate, particularly case metal mixtures.

Language: Английский

---

Impervious surface cover and number of restaurants shape diet variation in an urban carnivore

Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract In the past decade, studies have demonstrated that urban and nonurban wildlife populations exhibit differences in foraging behavior diet. However, little is known about how environmental heterogeneity shapes dietary variation of organisms within cities. We examined vertebrate prey components diets coyotes ( Canis latrans ) San Francisco to quantify territory‐ individual‐level determine within‐city land cover use affects coyote genotyped fecal samples for individual identification used DNA metabarcoding diet composition niche differentiation. The highest contributor overall was anthropogenic food followed by small mammals. most frequently detected species were domestic chicken, pocket gopher Thomomys bottae ), pig, raccoon Procyon lotor ). Diet varied significantly across territories among individuals, with explaining variation. Within (i.e., family groups), amount attributed among‐individual increased green space decreased impervious surface cover. quantity scats also positively correlated cover, suggesting consumed more human urbanized territories. invasive, human‐commensal rodents number services a territory. Overall, our results revealed substantial intraspecific associated landscape point diversifying effect urbanization on population

Language: Английский

---

Combining DNA metabarcoding with macroscopic analysis increases the number of detected prey taxa in the estimated diet for harbour porpoises

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 27, 2025

Knowledge of animal diets is fundamental in ecology as it can provide insight into the structure, function and resilience entire ecosystems. In this study we investigate diet composition harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ), a small marine top predator with great ecological importance, to updated dietary estimates for species Swedish waters. This done by parallel use macroscopic stomach content analysis DNA based prey determinations metabarcoding (sDNA analysis), which allows us also compare evaluate methods’ respective combined performance. We show that porpoises during 2017-2022 consumed broad variety both benthic pelagic fish along west coast. The combination sDNA estimation yielded an almost two-fold increase taxa detection compared alone, overall 36 unique from 21 families. Consistent results previous studies area, main were clupeids, gadoids gobiids. these three together represent more than 80% relative numerical contribution estimated diet. Using same dominate read abundance, clupeids detected all sampled stomachs, gobiids 86% 66%. two tracing methods are high agreement, but increased number sample size allowing extraction data apparently empty stomachs. probability some occurring taxa, however, appears be method dependent. To facilitate studies, established propose new occurrence metric used merge straightforward comparisons. conclude on other cetaceans, often present stomachs post-mortem examinations, has potential recover valuable animals where samples would otherwise disregarded unavailable analysis.

Language: Английский

---

Human activities might influence oncogenic processes in wild animal populations

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 2(7), P. 1065 - 1070

Published: May 18, 2018

Language: Английский

---

Using host species traits to understand the consequences of resource provisioning for host–parasite interactions

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 87(2), P. 511 - 525

Published: Oct. 10, 2017

Abstract Supplemental food provided to wildlife by human activities can be more abundant and predictable than natural resources, subsequent changes in ecology have profound impacts on host–parasite interactions. Identifying traits of species associated with increases or decreases infection outcomes resource provisioning could improve assessments most prone disease risks changing environments. We conducted a phylogenetic meta‐analysis 342 interactions across 56 three broad taxonomic groups parasites identify host‐level that influence whether is infection. predicted dietary generalists capitalize novel would show greater provisioned habitats owing population growth food‐borne exposure contaminants parasite infectious stages. Similarly, fast life histories experience stronger demographic immunological benefits from affect transmission. also wide‐ranging migratory behaviours increase if concentrated non‐seasonal foods promote dense aggregations parasites. found increased bacteria, viruses, fungi protozoa (i.e. microparasites) for wide‐ranging, generalist host species. Effect sizes ectoparasites were highest large home ranges but instead lowest generalists. In contrast, the type was correlate helminths traits. Our analysis highlights related movement feeding behaviour as important determinants supplemental feeding. These results help prioritize monitoring particular trait profiles anthropogenic reduce populations.

Language: Английский

---

Urban environment and cancer in wildlife: available evidence and future research avenues

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 286(1894), P. 20182434 - 20182434

Published: Jan. 9, 2019

While it is generally known that the risk of several cancers in humans higher urban areas compared with rural areas, cancer often deemed a problem human societies modern lifestyles. At same time, more and wild animals are affected by urbanization processes faced need to adapt or acclimate conditions. These include, among other things, increased exposure an assortment pollutants (e.g. chemicals, light noise), novel types food new infections. According abundant literature available for humans, all these factors associated probability developing cancerous neoplasias; however, link between environment wildlife has not been discussed scientific literature. Here, we describe evidence linking environmental changes resulting from cancer-related physiological animals. We identify knowledge gaps this field suggest future research avenues, ultimate aim understanding how our lifestyle affects prevalence urbanizing populations. In addition, consider possibilities using animal populations as models study association epidemics well understand evolution defence mechanisms against it.

Language: Английский

---

Current methods and future directions in avian diet analysis

Ornithology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 139(1)

Published: Dec. 3, 2021

Abstract Identifying the composition of avian diets is a critical step in characterizing roles birds within ecosystems. However, because are diverse taxonomic group with equally dietary habits, gaining an accurate and thorough understanding diet can be difficult. In addition to overcoming inherent difficulties studying birds, field advancing rapidly, researchers challenged myriad methods study diet, task that has only become more difficult introduction laboratory techniques studies. Because methodology drives inference, it important aware capabilities limitations each method ensure results their interpreted correctly. few reviews exist which detail traditional used studies, even fewer framing these through bird-specific lens. Here, we discuss strengths morphological prey identification, DNA-based techniques, stable isotope analysis, tracing biomolecules throughout food webs. We identify areas improvement for method, provide instances combination yield most comprehensive findings, introduce potential avenues combining from technique unified framework, present recommendations future focus research.

Language: Английский

---