Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(8), P. 461 - 471

Published: June 11, 2020

Language: Английский

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Novel Insights Into Immune Systems of Bats

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 24, 2020

In recent years, viruses similar to those that cause serious disease in humans and other mammals have been detected healthy bats. These include filoviruses, paramyxoviruses coronaviruses severe diseases such as Ebola virus disease, Marburg haemorrhagic fever acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) humans. The evolution of flight bats seem selected for a unique set antiviral immune responses control propagation, while limiting self-damaging inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize our current understanding discuss their ability co-exist with emerging mammals. We highlight how this knowledge may help us predict viral spillovers into new hosts future directions the field.

Language: Английский

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Land use-induced spillover: a call to action to safeguard environmental, animal, and human health

The Lancet Planetary Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. e237 - e245

Published: March 7, 2021

The rapid global spread and human health impacts of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, show humanity's vulnerability to zoonotic disease pandemics. Although anthropogenic land use change is known be major driver pathogen spillover from wildlife populations, scientific underpinnings use-induced have rarely been investigated landscape perspective. We call for interdisciplinary collaborations advance knowledge on implications emergence with a view toward informing decisions needed protect health. In particular, we urge mechanistic focus infect–shed–spill–spread cascade enable protection immunity—the ecological conditions reduce risk reservoir hosts—as conservation biosecurity priority. Results are urgently formulate an integrated, holistic set science-based policy management measures effectively cost-efficiently minimise risk. consider opportunities better institute necessary collaboration, address primary technical challenges, issues warrant particular attention security local scales.

Language: Английский

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Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies – a comprehensive review

Veterinary Quarterly, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 39(1), P. 26 - 55

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by virus (NiV), paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of family Paramyxoviridae. It biosafety level-4 pathogen, which transmitted specific types fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. are natural reservoir host. The was reported for first time from Kampung Sungai village Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been other countries South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed circulation two major clades NiV as based on currently available complete N G gene sequences. isolates Cambodia clustered together NiV-MY clade, whereas Bangladesh India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. Thailand harboured mixed population In humans, responsible causing rapidly progressing severe illness might be characterized respiratory and/or deadly encephalitis. pigs below six months age, along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays molecular methods polymerase chain reaction developed diagnostic purposes. Due expensive nature antibody drugs, identification broad-spectrum antivirals essential focusing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity lack vaccines or therapeutics counter this attracted attention researchers worldwide developing effective vaccine treatment regimens.

Language: Английский

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Ecology, evolution and spillover of coronaviruses from bats

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. 299 - 314

Published: Nov. 19, 2021

In the past two decades, three coronaviruses with ancestral origins in bats have emerged and caused widespread outbreaks humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since first SARS epidemic 2002–2003, appreciation of as key hosts zoonotic has advanced rapidly. More than 4,000 sequences from 14 bat families been identified, yet true diversity is probably much greater. Given that are likely evolutionary source for several human coronaviruses, strains cause mild upper tract disease, their role historic future pandemics requires ongoing investigation. We review integrate information on bat–coronavirus interactions at molecular, tissue, host population levels. identify critical gaps knowledge which relate to spillover pandemic risk, pathways spillover, infection dynamics within reservoir hosts, prior adaptation intermediate transmission viral genotypes or traits predict capacity potential. Filling these may help prevent next pandemic. Bats harbour a multitude owing wide distribution prime emerging viruses. Ruiz-Aravena, McKee colleagues analyse currently available discuss recent potential spillovers.

Language: Английский

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Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change

Mammal Review, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 50(4), P. 336 - 352

Published: June 2, 2020

Abstract Zoonotic pathogens and parasites that are transmitted from vertebrates to humans a major public health risk with high associated global economic costs. The spread of these transmission accelerate recent anthropogenic land‐use changes (LUC) such as deforestation, urbanisation, agricultural intensification, factors expected increase in the future due human population expansion increasing demand for resources. We systematically review literature on LUC zoonotic diseases, highlighting most prominent mammalian reservoirs pathogens, identifying avenues research. majority studies were reviews did not focus specific taxa. South America Asia most‐studied regions, while was urbanisation. Livestock studied more within context carnivores urbanisation helminths, bats deforestation viruses, primates habitat fragmentation protozoa. Research into animal has improved our understanding how diseases is affected by LUC. behaviour hosts can be altered when their habitats changed, impacting they carry probability disease spreading humans. Understanding this enabled identification alter emergence (such virulence, pathogen diversity, ease transmission). Yet, many impacts other than have been understudied. Predicting emerge response requires empirical data synthesis link host ecology responses spread. between natural environment COVID‐19 pandemic highlights urgent need understand affects spillover originating mammals.

Language: Английский

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Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 613(7943), P. 340 - 344

Published: Nov. 16, 2022

During recent decades, pathogens that originated in bats have become an increasing public health concern. A major challenge is to identify how those spill over into human populations generate a pandemic threat

Language: Английский

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Ecological interventions to prevent and manage zoonotic pathogen spillover

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 374(1782), P. 20180342 - 20180342

Published: Aug. 12, 2019

Spillover of a pathogen from wildlife reservoir into human or livestock host requires the to overcome hierarchical series barriers. Interventions aimed at one more these barriers may be able prevent occurrence spillover. Here, we demonstrate how interventions that target ecological context in which spillover occurs (i.e. interventions) can complement conventional approaches like vaccination, treatment, disinfection and chemical control. Accelerating owing environmental change effective, affordable, durable scalable solutions fully harness complex processes involved cross-species This article is part theme issue ‘Dynamic integrative understanding spillover’.

Language: Английский

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Macroimmunology: The drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defence

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 89(4), P. 972 - 995

Published: Dec. 19, 2019

Abstract The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space is a key determinant infection risk humans, domestic animals threatened wildlife. Because the immune system serves as primary barrier to infection, replication transmission following exposure, we here consider environmental drivers immunity. Spatial variation parasite pressure, abiotic biotic conditions, anthropogenic factors can all shape immunity spatial scales. Identifying most important could help pre‐empt infectious disease risks, especially context how large‐scale such urbanization affect defence by changing conditions. We provide synthesis apply macroecological approaches study ecoimmunology (i.e. macroimmunology). first review that generate defence, highlighting need for studies differentiate competing predictors detailing contexts where this approach might be favoured over small‐scale experimental studies. next conduct systematic literature assess frequency classify them according taxa, measures, extent, statistical methods. 210 sampling multiple host populations. show whereas are relatively common, generally low unlikely sufficient or power hypotheses. also highlight biases macroimmunology, few characterize account dependence statistically, potentially affecting inferences relationships between conditions defence. use these findings describe tools from geostatistics modelling improve inference about associations immunological variation. In particular, emphasize exploratory guide greater mixed‐effects models variability while allowing researchers both individual‐ habitat‐level covariates. finally discuss future research priorities including focusing on latitudinal gradients, range expansions being amenable approaches. Methodologically, critical opportunities posed assessing tolerance, using metagenomics quantify coupling field with experiments longitudinal approaches, applying macroecology meta‐analysis identify generalizable patterns. Such work will facilitate scaling insights predict change may alter risk.

Language: Английский

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Prioritizing surveillance of Nipah virus in India

PLoS neglected tropical diseases, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. e0007393 - e0007393

Published: June 27, 2019

The 2018 outbreak of Nipah virus in Kerala, India, highlights the need for global surveillance henipaviruses bats, which are reservoir hosts this and other viruses. virus, an emerging paramyxovirus genus Henipavirus, causes severe disease stuttering chains transmission humans is considered a potential pandemic threat. In May 2018, began > 1800 km from sites previous outbreaks eastern India 2001 2007. Twenty-three people were infected 21 died (16 deaths 18 cases laboratory confirmed). Initial focused on insectivorous bats (Megaderma spasma), whereas follow-up surveys within Kerala found evidence fruit (Pteropus medius). P. medius confirmed host Bangladesh now India. However, bat species may also serve as henipaviruses. To inform we reviewed analyzed published records globally. We applied trait-based machine learning approach to subset that occur Asia, Australia, Oceana. addition seven previously identified seropositive, at least four that, basis trait similarity with known virus-seropositive species, have relatively high likelihood exposure or Nipah-like viruses These machine-learning approaches provide first step sequence studies required assess risk spillover not only but elsewhere would benefit research pipeline included predicted reservoirs serological past infection (or cross reacting henipaviruses). Serosurveys should then be followed by longitudinal spatial temporal detect shedding isolate infection. Ecological will understand dynamics governing prevalence contacts could pose public health.

Language: Английский

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