The Fungal Cell Wall: Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Species

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 9, 2020

The fungal cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and compartment that mediates all relationships of with environment. It protects contents cell, gives rigidity defines cellular structure. a skeleton high plasticity from different stresses, among which osmotic changes stand out. allows interaction external environment since some its proteins are adhesins receptors. Since, components have immunogenic capacity, certain can drive host's immune response to promote fungus growth dissemination. characteristic structure fungi composed mainly glucans, chitin glycoproteins. As not present in humans, this an excellent target for antifungal therapy. In article, we review recent data on composition synthesis, influence fungi-host role as next generation drugs yeasts (

Language: Английский

---

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 79 - 79

Published: Jan. 22, 2021

Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of population, C. part normal flora microbiota. The various clinical manifestations species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases involve multiple organ systems are life-threatening. From systemic local hereditary environmental, diverse factors lead disturbances in Candida’s homeostasis, resulting transition pathogenic opportunistic infections. pathophysiology onset progression infection also influenced by virulence traits development candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has wide manifestations, divided into primary secondary main supply body located infections occurs due dysbiosis residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, damage muco-intestinal barrier. presence blood associated with candidemia–invasive relationship exists as long there balance between host system albicans. This paper presents specific

Language: Английский

---

Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(1), P. 15 - 15

Published: Jan. 16, 2020

Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as "thrush," is an opportunistic fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, a highly versatile commensal organism well adapted its human host; however, changes in host microenvironment can promote transition from one of commensalism pathogen. This heavily reliant on impressive repertoire virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and development drug resistance. In cavity, co-adhesion C. albicans with bacteria crucial for persistence, wide range synergistic interactions various species were described enhance colonization host. As frequent colonizer mucosa, immune response cavity oriented toward more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate defenses play central role maintaining state. Specifically, addition preventing adherence epithelial cells, saliva enriched anti-candidal peptides, considered be part immunity. T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive mainly involved mucosal defenses, controlling initial growth inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, mouse model oropharyngeal candidiasis rat denture stomatitis, are instrumental our understanding factors leading susceptibility infections. Given continuing rise resistance limited number traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies directed identifying bioactive compounds target pathogenic mechanisms prevent harmless

Language: Английский

---

The Emerging Pathogen Candida auris: Growth Phenotype, Virulence Factors, Activity of Antifungals, and Effect of SCY-078, a Novel Glucan Synthesis Inhibitor, on Growth Morphology and Biofilm Formation

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 61(5)

Published: Feb. 22, 2017

Candidaauris, a new multidrug-resistant Candida spp. which is associated with invasive infection and high rates of mortality, has recently emerged. Here, we determined the virulence factors (germination, adherence, biofilm formation, phospholipase proteinase production) 16 C. auris isolates their susceptibilities to 11 drugs belonging different antifungal classes, including novel orally bioavailable 1,3-β-d-glucan synthesis inhibitor (SCY-078). We also examined effect SCY-078 on growth, ultrastructure, biofilm-forming abilities Our data showed that while tested strains did not germinate, they produce in strain-dependent manner had significantly reduced ability adhere form biofilms compared albicans (P = 0.01). demonstrated susceptibility fluconazole amphotericin B, while, general, were susceptible remaining tested. an MIC90 1 mg/liter against caused complete inhibition growth Scanning electron microscopy analysis interrupted cell division, organism forming abnormal fused fungal cells. Additionally, possessed potent antibiofilm activity, wherein treated metabolic activity thickness untreated control < 0.05 for both comparisons). study shows expresses several determinants (albeit lesser extent than albicans) resistant B. SCY-078, antifungal, antifungal/antibiofilm auris, indicating further evaluation this warranted.

Language: Английский

---

Biofilm of Candida albicans : formation, regulation and resistance

Journal of Applied Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 131(1), P. 11 - 22

Published: Nov. 30, 2020

Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen, causing infections that range from mucous membranes to systemic infections. The present article provides an overview of C. albicans, with production biofilms produced by this fungus, as well reporting classes antifungals used fight such infections, together resistance mechanisms these drugs. highly adaptable, enabling transition commensal pathogen due a repertoire virulence factors. Specifically, ability change morphology and form central pathogenesis albicans. Indeed, are associated formation on surfaces hosts or medical devices, high morbidity mortality. Significantly, formed inherently tolerant antimicrobial therapy, so susceptibility current therapeutic agents remains low. Therefore, it difficult predict which molecules will emerge new clinical antifungals. biofilm has been impacts antifungals, leading resistance, demonstrates importance research aimed at prevention control microbial communities.

Language: Английский

---

Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Biofilms

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 328 - 328

Published: Feb. 4, 2023

Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation especially worrisome clinical settings it hinders the treatment of infections with antibiotics due facilitated acquisition antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Environmental now considered pivotal for driving biofilm formation, biofilm-mediated development dissemination. Several studies have demonstrated that environmental biofilms can be hotspots dissemination ARGs. These encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such conjugative mobilizable plasmids integrative (ICEs). ARGs rapidly transferred through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been shown occur more frequently than planktonic cultures. models promising tools mimic natural study via HGT. This review summarizes state-of-the-art techniques visualize three main HGT mechanisms biofilms: transformation, transduction, conjugation.

Language: Английский

---

Candida albicans biofilm growth and dispersal: contributions to pathogenesis

Current Opinion in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 52, P. 1 - 6

Published: May 11, 2019

Language: Английский

---

Candida albicans Pathogenesis: Fitting within the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework

Infection and Immunity, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 84(10), P. 2724 - 2739

Published: July 19, 2016

Historically, the nature and extent of host damage by a microbe were considered highly dependent on virulence attributes microbe. However, it has become clear that disease is complex outcome which can arise because pathogen-mediated damage, host-mediated or both, with active participation from microbiota. This awareness led to formulation response framework (DRF), revolutionary concept defined microbial as function immunity. The DRF outlines six classifications outcomes based strength immune response. In this review, we revisit perspective Candida albicans, pathogen uniquely adapted its human host. fungus commonly colonizes various anatomical sites without causing notable damage. depending environmental conditions, diverse array diseases may occur, ranging mucosal invasive systemic infections resulting in microbe-mediated and/or Remarkably, C. albicans fit into all classifications, site associated Here, highlight some these site-specific how they describe animal models available uncover pathogenic mechanisms related responses.

Language: Английский

---

Candida albicans mannans mediate Streptococcus mutans exoenzyme GtfB binding to modulate cross-kingdom biofilm development in vivo

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. e1006407 - e1006407

Published: June 15, 2017

Candida albicans is frequently detected with heavy infection by Streptococcus mutans in plaque-biofilms from children early-childhood caries (ECC). This cross-kingdom biofilm contains an extensive matrix of extracellular α-glucans that produced exoenzyme (GtfB) secreted S. mutans. Here, we report mannans located on the outer surface C. cell-wall mediates GtfB binding, enhancing glucan-matrix production and modulating bacterial-fungal association within biofilms formed vivo. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, determined binds remarkable affinity to surface, forming a highly stable strong bond (1–2 nN). However, binding properties was compromised strains defective O-mannan (pmt4ΔΔ) or N-mannan chain (och1ΔΔ). In particular, strength och1ΔΔ strain severely disrupted (>3-fold reduction vs. parental strain). turn, amount fungal significantly reduced, ability mutant develop mixed-species impaired. phenotype independent hyphae established fungal-biofilm regulators (EFG1, BCR1). Notably, mechanical stability weakened, resulting near complete biomass removal shear forces. addition, these vitro findings were confirmed vivo using rodent model. Specifically, observed unable form tooth rats co-infected Likewise, co-infection also incapable biofilms. Taken together, data support mechanism whereby mutans-secreted mannan layer promote formation their co-existence Enhanced understanding GtfB-Candida interactions may provide new perspectives for devising effective therapies disrupt this relationship associated important childhood oral disease.

Language: Английский

---

Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions

Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 47(1), P. 91 - 111

Published: Jan. 2, 2021

Candida albicans is a common fungus of the human microbiota. While generally harmless commensal in healthy individuals, several factors can lead to its overgrowth and cause range complications within host, from localized superficial infections systemic life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. A major virulence factor C. ability form biofilms, closely packed community cells that grow on both abiotic biotic substrates, including implanted medical devices mucosal surfaces. These biofilms are extremely hard eradicate, resistant conventional antifungal treatment associated with high morbidity mortality rates, making biofilm-associated clinical challenge. Here, we review current knowledge processes involved biofilm formation development, central adhesion, extracellular matrix production transcriptional network regulates development. We also consider advantages lifestyle explore polymicrobial interactions multispecies formed by selected microbial species.

Language: Английский

---