Environment International,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
146, P. 106255 - 106255
Published: Nov. 12, 2020
The
COVID-19
disease
spread
at
different
rates
in
the
countries
and
regions
of
same
country,
as
happened
Italy.
Transmission
by
contact
or
close
range
due
to
large
respiratory
droplets
is
widely
accepted,
however,
role
airborne
transmission
small
emitted
infected
individuals
(also
asymptomatic)
controversial.
It
was
suggested
that
outdoor
could
play
a
determining
differences
observed
rate.
Concentrations
virus-laden
aerosol
are
still
poorly
known
contrasting
results
reported,
especially
for
environments.
Here
we
investigated
concentrations
size
distributions
simultaneously
collected
during
pandemic,
May
2020,
northern
(Veneto)
southern
(Apulia)
two
exhibited
significantly
prevalence
COVID-19.
Genetic
material
SARS-CoV-2
(RNA)
determined,
using
both
real
time
RT-PCR
ddPCR,
air
samples
PM10
samplers
cascade
impactors
able
separate
12
ranges
from
nanoparticles
(diameter
D
<
0.056
µm)
up
coarse
particles
(D
>
18
µm).
Air
tested
negative
presence
sites,
viral
were
<0.8
copies
m-3
<0.4
each
investigated.
Outdoor
residential
urban
areas
generally
not
infectious
safe
public
Italy,
with
possible
exclusion
very
crowded
sites.
Therefore,
it
likely
does
explain
difference
Italian
regions.
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
20(1), P. 1 - 67
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Abstract
This
assessment
by
the
Environmental
Effects
Assessment
Panel
(EEAP)
of
United
Nations
Environment
Programme
(UNEP)
provides
latest
scientific
update
since
our
most
recent
comprehensive
(Photochemical
and
Photobiological
Sciences,
2019,
18,
595–828).
The
interactive
effects
between
stratospheric
ozone
layer,
solar
ultraviolet
(UV)
radiation,
climate
change
are
presented
within
framework
Montreal
Protocol
Sustainable
Development
Goals.
We
address
how
these
global
environmental
changes
affect
atmosphere
air
quality;
human
health;
terrestrial
aquatic
ecosystems;
biogeochemical
cycles;
materials
used
in
outdoor
construction,
energy
technologies,
fabrics.
In
many
cases,
there
is
a
growing
influence
from
seasonality
extreme
events
due
to
change.
Additionally,
we
assess
transmission
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2),
which
responsible
for
COVID-19
pandemic,
context
linkages
with
UV
radiation
Protocol.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
752, P. 142259 - 142259
Published: Sept. 10, 2020
Currently,
there
is
no
effective
vaccine
for
tackling
the
ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic
caused
by
SARS-CoV-2
with
occurrence
of
repeat
waves
infection
frequently
stretching
hospital
resources
beyond
capacity.
Disease
countermeasures
rely
upon
preventing
person-to-person
transmission
SARS-CoV2
so
as
to
protect
front-line
healthcare
workers
(HCWs).
brings
enormous
challenges
in
terms
sustaining
supply
chain
single-use-plastic
personal
and
protective
equipment
(PPE).
Post-COVID-19,
changes
medical
practice
will
drive
high
demand
PPE.
Important
include
mitigating
potential
risk
aerosol
setting
using
PPE
(such
filtering
facepiece
respirators
(FFRs))
appropriate
use
face
coverings
general
public
that
carries
a
lower
risk.
reuse
short
term
solution
during
where
increased
evidence
deployment
reprocessing
methods
such
vaporized
hydrogen
peroxide
(30
35%
VH2O2)
used
alone
or
combined
ozone,
ultraviolet
light
at
254
nm
(2000
mJ/cm2)
moist
heat
(60
°C
humidity
60
min).
Barriers
potentially
trust
acceptance
HCWs.
Efficacy
are
influenced
wearing
cover
nose
mouth,
type
material
used,
number
layers,
duration
wearing,
superior
ties
over
ear
loops.
Insertion
clip
into
cloth
may
help
maintaining
fit.
Use
min
as,
domestic
washing
machine
spin
dryer)
has
been
advocated
covering
decontamination.
Risk
virus
infiltration
improvised
due
humidity,
liquid
diffusion
retention.
Future
sustained
be
availability
recyclable
innovative
biomedical
waste
management.
Allergy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
75(10), P. 2503 - 2541
Published: June 14, 2020
Abstract
In
December
2019,
China
reported
the
first
cases
of
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID‐19).
This
disease,
caused
by
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome–related
2
(SARS‐CoV‐2),
has
developed
into
a
pandemic.
To
date,
it
resulted
in
~9
million
confirmed
and
almost
500
000
related
deaths
worldwide.
Unequivocally,
COVID‐19
pandemic
is
gravest
health
socioeconomic
crisis
our
time.
this
context,
numerous
questions
have
emerged
demand
basic
scientific
information
evidence‐based
medical
advice
on
SARS‐CoV‐2
COVID‐19.
Although
majority
patients
show
very
mild,
self‐limiting
viral
many
clinical
manifestations
are
unique
to
COVID‐19,
such
as
lymphopenia
eosinopenia,
extensive
pneumonia,
“cytokine
storm”
leading
distress
syndrome,
endothelitis,
thromboembolic
complications,
multiorgan
failure.
The
epidemiologic
features
distinctive
changed
throughout
Vaccine
drug
development
studies
trials
rapidly
growing
at
an
unprecedented
speed.
However,
research
COVID‐19–related
topics
should
be
based
more
coordinated
high‐quality
studies.
paper
answers
pressing
questions,
formulated
young
clinicians
scientists,
SARS‐CoV‐2,
allergy,
focusing
following
topics:
virology,
immunology,
diagnosis,
management
with
allergic
asthma,
treatment,
trials,
discovery,
vaccine
development,
epidemiology.
A
total
150
were
answered
experts
field
providing
comprehensive
practical
overview
disease.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
118(1)
Published: Dec. 17, 2020
Significance
There
is
interest
in
whether
COVID-19
cases
respond
to
environmental
conditions.
If
an
effect
present,
seasonal
changes
local
conditions
could
alter
the
global
spatial
pattern
of
and
inform
public
health
responses.
Using
a
comprehensive
dataset
daily
conditions,
we
find
that
increased
ultraviolet
(UV)
radiation
lowers
cumulative
growth
rate
over
subsequent
2.5
wk.
Although
statistically
significant,
implied
influence
UV
seasonality
modest
relative
social
distancing
policies.
Temperature
specific
humidity
effects
are
not
total
remains
be
established
because
uncertainty
net
from
seasonally
varying
variables.
Annual Review of Public Health,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
43(1), P. 271 - 291
Published: Jan. 4, 2022
Emerging
evidence
supports
a
link
between
environmental
factors—including
air
pollution
and
chemical
exposures,
climate,
the
built
environment—and
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
transmission
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
susceptibility
severity.
Climate,
pollution,
environment
have
long
been
recognized
to
influence
viral
infections,
studies
established
similar
associations
with
COVID-19
outcomes.
More
limited
links
exposures
COVID-19.
Environmental
factors
were
found
through
four
major
interlinking
mechanisms:
increased
risk
of
preexisting
conditions
associated
severity;
immune
system
impairment;
survival
transport;
behaviors
that
increase
exposure.
Both
data
methodologic
issues
complicate
investigation
these
relationships,
including
reliance
on
coarse
surveillance
data;
gaps
in
mechanistic
studies;
predominance
ecological
designs.
We
evaluate
strength
for
environment–COVID-19
relationships
discuss
actions
might
simultaneously
address
pandemic,
determinants
health,
health
disparities.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: June 14, 2021
Abstract
Improved
understanding
of
the
effects
meteorological
conditions
on
transmission
SARS-CoV-2,
causative
agent
for
COVID-19
disease,
is
needed.
Here,
we
estimate
relationship
between
air
temperature,
specific
humidity,
and
ultraviolet
radiation
SARS-CoV-2
in
2669
U.S.
counties
with
abundant
reported
cases
from
March
15
to
December
31,
2020.
Specifically,
quantify
associations
daily
mean
estimates
reproduction
number
(
R
t
)
calculate
fraction
attributable
these
conditions.
Lower
temperature
(within
20–40
°C
range),
lower
were
significantly
associated
increased
.
The
3.73%
(95%
empirical
confidence
interval
[eCI]:
3.66–3.76%),
9.35%
eCI:
9.27–9.39%),
4.44%
4.38–4.47%),
respectively.
In
total,
17.5%
was
factors.
fractions
factors
generally
higher
northern
than
southern
counties.
Our
findings
indicate
that
cold
dry
weather
low
levels
are
moderately
transmissibility,
humidity
playing
largest
role.
