Enumerating soil biodiversity

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(33)

Published: Aug. 7, 2023

Soil is an immense habitat for diverse organisms across the tree of life, but just how many live in soil surprisingly unknown. Previous efforts to enumerate biodiversity consider only certain types (e.g., animals) or report values groups without partitioning species that versus other habitats. Here, we reviewed literature show likely home 59 ± 15% on Earth. We therefore estimate approximately two times greater than previous estimates, and include representatives from simplest (microbial) most complex (mammals) organisms. Enchytraeidae have greatest percentage (98.6%), followed by fungi (90%), Plantae (85.5%), Isoptera (84.2%). Our results demonstrate biodiverse singular habitat. By using this biodiversity, can more accurately quantitatively advocate organismal conservation restoration as a central goal Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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How many species will Earth lose to climate change?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Climate change may be an important threat to global biodiversity, potentially leading the extinction of numerous species. But how many? There have been various attempts answer this question, sometimes yielding strikingly different estimates. Here, we review these estimates, assess their disagreements and methodology, explore might reach better Large‐scale studies estimated ~1% sampled species up ~70%, even when using same approach (species distribution models; SDMs). Nevertheless, worst‐case estimates often converge near 20%–30% loss, many differences shrink similar assumptions. We perform a new recent SDM studies, which show ~17% loss climate under scenarios. However, shows that are biased by excluding most vulnerable (those known from few localities), lead underestimating loss. Conversely, our analyses responses fundamental assumption species' climatic niches do not over time, frequently violated. For example, find mean rates positive thermal niche across ~0.02°C/year. Yet, still slower than projected ~3–4 fold. Finally, levels can combining group‐specific with projections richness (including cryptic insect species). These preliminary tentatively forecast climate‐related 14%–32% macroscopic in next ~50 years, including 3–6 million (or more) animal plant species, intermediate

Language: Английский

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Next‐generation species delimitation and taxonomy: Implications for biogeography

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(9), P. 1709 - 1722

Published: Feb. 13, 2024

Abstract An accurate species‐level taxonomy is paramount for biogeographical research, and conversely, data are of importance species delimitation. We here review recent developments future perspectives direct relevance biogeographers. The understanding that independently evolving segments population‐level lineages, the rise integrative approaches to delimit such advent high‐throughput sequencing have considerably renewed discipline taxonomy. Using genome‐scale molecular datasets, extent admixture across hybrid zones can now be effectively assessed evolutionary independence lineages inferred, leading more reliable comparable delimitation criteria. Substantially divergent but admixing phylogeographical conveniently named as subspecies, thus avoiding taxonomic oversplitting inflation. At same time, comprehensive DNA barcoding metabarcoding efforts uncovering an enormous proportion undiscovered biotic diversity, we encourage development bioinformatic pipelines combine discovery with diagnosis scientific naming, approach a inventory globe without abandoning established Linnaean system.

Language: Английский

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How many species are there on Earth? Progress and problems

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(11), P. e3002388 - e3002388

Published: Nov. 20, 2023

How many species exist on Earth? Projections range from millions to trillions. A 2011 paper in PLOS Biology provided a comprehensive estimate of 9 million.

Language: Английский

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Molecular Delimitation of Evolutionary Significant Units Reveals Hidden Geographic Drivers of Extinction Risk Within Island Arthropods

Diversity and Distributions, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 31(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Aim Globally, arthropod biodiversity is under threat, with increased risk of species‐level extinctions, and this threat particularly acute on oceanic islands. A fundamental first step towards understanding extinction to understand genetic connectivity among the constituent populations a species. Our aim develop implement protocol characterise island within species reveal otherwise hidden range size drivers extinction. Location Canary Islands, Spain. Methods We based mtDNA sequence data for delimitation evolutionary significant units (ESUs) evaluate beetle spider distributed across multiple Results results that more than half analysed are comprised two or ESUs. also find low dispersal ability was predictor ESUs Coleoptera, but no difference Araneae. Main Conclusions Most consistent early stage differentiation incipient speciation, some exceeding conservative interspecific threshold, thus indicative cryptic suggest extending our approach integration other traits may provide refined predictive framework risks

Language: Английский

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Cascading Nature Risks: Applying the Rumsfeld Matrix to Case Studies on Pollinator Decline, an AMOC Collapse, and Zoonotic Pandemics

SSRN Electronic Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Tightening the requirements for species diagnoses would help integrate DNA-based descriptions in taxonomic practice

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. e3002251 - e3002251

Published: Aug. 22, 2023

Modern advances in DNA sequencing hold the promise of facilitating descriptions new organisms at ever finer precision but have come with challenges as major Codes bionomenclature contain poorly defined requirements for species and subspecies diagnoses (henceforth, diagnoses), which is particularly problematic DNA-based taxonomy. We, commissioners International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, advocate a tightening definition "species diagnosis" future editions bionomenclature, example, through introduction specific information character states differentiating traits comparison similar species. Such provisions would enhance taxonomic standards ensure that all diagnoses, including ones, adequate context. Our recommendations are intended to spur discussion among biologists, broad community consensus critical ahead implementation Code Nomenclature other bionomenclature.

Language: Английский

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Global determinants of insect mitochondrial genetic diversity

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Aug. 29, 2023

Understanding global patterns of genetic diversity is essential for describing, monitoring, and preserving life on Earth. To date, efforts to map macrogenetic have been restricted vertebrates, which comprise only a small fraction Earth's biodiversity. Here, we construct predicted insect mitochondrial from cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences, derived open data. We calculate the mean evenness assemblages across globe, identify their environmental correlates, make predictions levels in unsampled areas based Using large single-locus dataset over 2 million globally distributed georeferenced mtDNA find that follows quadratic latitudinal gradient peaking subtropics. Both positively correlate with seasonally hot temperatures, as well climate stability since last glacial maximum. Our models explain 27.9% 24.0% observed variation insects, respectively, making an important step towards understanding biodiversity most diverse animal taxon.

Language: Английский

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New comparative genomic evidence supporting the proteomic diversification role of A-to-I RNA editing in insects

Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 299(1)

Published: April 20, 2024

Language: Английский

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Cryptic diversity begets challenges and opportunities in biodiversity research

Integrative Zoology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Abstract How many species of life are there on Earth? This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer. Some scholars speculate the number may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and each morphology‐based insect contain an average 3.1 species. With nearly two million described species, such high estimates would suggest widespread. The development molecular delimitation has led discovery large biodiversity gradually entered our field vision attracted more attention. paper introduces concept how they evolve, methods by which be discovered confirmed, provides theoretical methodological guidance for study hidden A workflow confirm provided. In addition, importance reliability multi‐evidence‐based integrated taxonomy reaffirmed as way better standardize decision‐making processes. Special focus increased funding needed ensure in hyperdiverse groups discoverable described. An future will naturally arise difficult studied, thereby, finally understand rules governing evolution maintenance biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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