Diversification of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 51(1), P. 27 - 53

Published: July 31, 2020

Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFFs) constitute the most diverse continental vertebrate fauna on Earth, with more than 6,200 named species compressed into an aquatic footprint <0.5% of total regional land-surface area and representing greatest phenotypic disparity functional diversity any ichthyofauna. Data from fossil record time-calibrated molecular phylogenies indicate that higher taxa (e.g., genera, families) diversified relatively continuously through Cenozoic, across broad geographic ranges South American platform. Biodiversity data for NFF clades support a model radiation rather adaptive radiation, in which speciation occurs mainly allopatry, adaptation are largely decoupled. These radiations occurred under perennial influence river capture sea-level oscillations, episodically fragmented merged portions adjacent networks. The future Anthropocene is uncertain, facing numerous threats at local, regional, scales.

Language: Английский

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Mosaic Evolution of the Skull in Labrid Fishes Involves Differences in Both Tempo and Mode of Morphological Change

Systematic Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 72(2), P. 419 - 432

Published: Sept. 7, 2022

Modularity is a ubiquitous feature of organismal design that plays an important role in structuring patterns morphological diversification. can facilitate evolutionary changes by allowing subsets traits to coevolve as integrated units and follow quasi-independent trajectories, pattern may be particularly consequential the case highly complex structures. Here we examine modularity kinetic structure, teleost skull, ask if modular organization skull has influenced diversification dynamics shapes its osteological components across labrid phylogeny. We compiled one largest 3D data sets fishes date used geometric morphometrics quantify cranial shape evolution 184 species wrasses (Labridae). then tested several hypotheses inspired functional developmental relationships between bones compared phenotypic rates among modules. also fit models trait for entire various articulated it comprises. Our analyses indicated strong support 2-module hypothesis, encompasses oral pharyngeal jaws another module comprised neurocranium, hyoid apparatus, operculum. This hypothesis yielded highest significant rate differentials modules, yet found best-fitting differed bones. These results suggest influence biological structures via differences both tempo mode change. [3D morphometrics, morphology, modularity, Labridae, rates, structural complexity.].

Language: Английский

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Bony Patchwork: Mosaic Patterns of Evolution in the Skull of Electric Fishes (Apteronotidae: Gymnotiformes)

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 59(2), P. 420 - 431

Published: April 20, 2019

Abstract Mosaic evolution refers to the pattern whereby different organismal traits exhibit differential rates of typically due reduced levels trait covariation through deep time (i.e., modularity). These differences in can be attributed variation responses selective pressures between individual traits. Differential also have potential facilitate functional specialization, allowing certain track environmental stimuli more closely than others. The teleost skull is a multifunctional structure comprising complex network bones and thus an excellent system for which study mosaic evolution. Here we construct ultrametric phylogeny clade Neotropical electric fishes (Apteronotidae: Gymnotiformes) use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics investigate patterns jaws. We find strong support developmental, three-module hypothesis that consists face, braincase, mandible, mandible has evolved four times faster its neighboring modules. hypothesize specialization this group allowed it outpace face braincase evolve decoupled manner. mosaicism may widespread across other clades fishes.

Language: Английский

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Freshwater Habitats Promote Rapid Rates of Phenotypic Evolution in Sculpin Fishes (Perciformes: Cottoidea)

The American Naturalist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 204(4), P. 345 - 360

Published: June 13, 2024

AbstractInvasions of freshwater habitats by marine fishes provide exceptional cases habitat-driven biological diversification. Freshwater make up less than 1% aquatic but contain ∼50% fish species. However, while the dominant group (Otophysi) is older that most (Percomorphaceae), it morphologically diverse. Classically, scientists have invoked differences in tempo and/or mode evolution to explain such unequal morphological We tested for evidence these phenomena superfamily Cottoidea (sculpins), which contains substantial radiations and fishes. find morphology sculpins evolves faster under higher constraint sculpins, causing widespread convergence more disparity sculpins. The endemic Lake Baikal, Siberia, are exceptions demonstrate elevated novelty akin Several tantalizing factors may findings, as habitat stability connectivity between systems.

Language: Английский

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Ecomorphology of Neotropical Electric Fishes: An Integrative Approach to Testing the Relationships between Form, Function, and Trophic Ecology

Integrative Organismal Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

Synopsis The relationship between form and function is thought to play an integral role in structuring broad-scale patterns of morphological evolution resource utilization. In ecomorphological studies, mechanical performance widely understood constrain the function. However, form, function, utilization less clear. Additionally, seasonal fluctuations availability may further complicate use. How organisms cope with these complexities, effect factors on broadscale also poorly understood. Here we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, biomechanics, stable isotope analysis, gut-content analysis study trophic a clade riverine-adapted electric fishes from region high variability; Amazon River. We find significant phylogenetically structured relationships among measures ecology skull shape. recover advantage mandible position, where species feeding at higher levels have narrower jaws lower advantages, deeper advantages. Our results indicate that selection driving shape toward specialization different ecologies.

Language: Английский

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An effect size statistical framework for investigating sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 131(2), P. 231 - 273

Published: June 12, 2020

Abstract Despite reports of sexual dimorphism in extinct taxa, such claims non-avian dinosaurs have been rare over the last decade and often criticized. Since is widespread sexually reproducing organisms today, under-reporting literature might suggest either methodological shortcomings or that this diverse group exhibited highly unusual reproductive biology. Univariate significance testing, especially for bimodality, ineffective prone to false negatives. Species recognition mutual selection hypotheses, therefore, may not be required explain supposed absence across grade (a type II error). Instead, multiple lines evidence support variation structures consistent with secondary characteristics, strongly suggesting dinosaurs. We propose a framework studying fossils, focusing on likely traits testing against all alternate hypotheses them using evidence. use effect size statistics appropriate low sample sizes, rather than analyse potential divergence growth curves constrain estimates magnitude. In many cases, can reasonably accurate, further developments methods improve sex assignments account intrasexual (e.g. mixture modelling) will accuracy. It better compare magnitude between datasets dichotomously reject fail monomorphism single species, enabling study phylogenies time. defend our approach simulated empirical data, including dinosaur showing even simple approaches yield fairly accurate allowing comparison species high variation.

Language: Английский

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Burrowing constrains patterns of skull shape evolution in wrasses

Evolution & Development, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 73 - 84

Published: Aug. 15, 2022

Abstract The evolution of behavioral and ecological specialization can have marked effects on the tempo mode phenotypic evolution. Head‐first burrowing has been shown to exert powerful selective pressures head body shapes many vertebrate invertebrate taxa. In wrasses, behaviors evolved multiple times independently, are commonly used in foraging predator avoidance behaviors. While recent studies examined kinematics shape morphology associated with this behavior, no study to‐date macroevolutionary implications patterns diversification clade. Here, we use three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics phylogenetic comparative methods skull fossorial wrasses their relatives. We test for differences between non evaluate hypotheses convergence among wrasses. also quantify rates whether constrains or accelerates find that while exhibit similar degrees morphological disparity, it took nearly twice as long amass disparity. Furthermore, disparities groups evenly matched, most species confined a particular region space exhibiting narrower heads than non‐burrowing species. These results suggest head‐first by potentially restricting range phenotypes perform behavior.

Language: Английский

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Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skull of Protoceratops andrewsi supports a socio-sexual signalling role for the ceratopsian frill

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 288(1944), P. 20202938 - 20202938

Published: Feb. 3, 2021

Socio-sexual selection is predicted to be an important driver of evolution, influencing speciation, extinction and adaptation. The fossil record provides a means testing these predictions, but detecting its signature from morphological data alone difficult. There are, nonetheless, some specific patterns growth variation which are expected traits under socio-sexual selection. distinctive parietal-squamosal frill ceratopsian dinosaurs has previously been suggested as display trait, evidence for this limited. Here, we perform whole-skull shape analysis unprecedentedly large sample specimens Protoceratops andrewsi using high-density landmark-based geometric morphometric approach test four predictions regarding potential signalling role the frill. Three predictions—low integration with rest skull, significantly higher rate change in size during ontogeny, variance than other skull regions—are supported. One prediction, sexual dimorphism shape, not supported, suggesting that differences P. likely small. Together, findings consistent mutual mate choice or quality more general social interactions, support hypothesis functioned signal dinosaurs.

Language: Английский

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Ecological shifts underlie parallels between ontogenetic and evolutionary allometries in parrotfishes

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2033)

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

During ontogeny, animals often undergo significant shape and size changes, coinciding with ecological shifts. This is evident in parrotfishes (Eupercaria: Labridae), which experience notable shifts during development, transitioning from carnivorous diets as larvae juveniles to herbivorous omnivorous adults, using robust beaks skulls for feeding on coral skeletons other hard substrates. These ontogenetic mirror their evolutionary history, are known have evolved wrasse ancestors. Parallel at phylogenetic levels may resulted similar allometric trajectories within parrotfishes. To test this hypothesis, micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, we analyse the effects of skull striped parrotfish Scarus iseri compare its allometry allometries 57 162 non-parrotfish wrasses. The young S. shapes resembling wrasses grow towards typical adult forms they mature. There was a relationship between strong evidence parallel slopes Our findings suggest that morphological changes associated shift characterizing interspecific evolution conserved intraspecific ontogenies.

Language: Английский

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Ecomorphology of Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus): on the influence of size, sex, and river location

Environmental Biology of Fishes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 13, 2024

Abstract Ecomorphology is essential to understanding the evolution and biogeography of species. However, morphological studies that focus on nongame or ‘rough’ fish groups such as Gar (Lepisosteidae), outside a phylogenetic context, are comparatively rare. Herein, we investigate effects sex, size, location in river assess potential for sexual dimorphism, allometry, habitat, some combination drive observed morphologic variation. Our dataset includes 230 Longnose Gars ( Lepisosteus osseus ) made up both males females wide range sizes collected from three different sites corresponding upper, middle, lower Great Pee Dee River South Carolina. Dorsal lateral photographs were taken each specimen landmarked 2D geometric morphometric analyses. Discriminant function analyses (DFA) also conducted few linear trusses compare accuracy sex-related shape aspects emerged morphometrics possible field-based tool help fisheries managers understand their stock populations. Overall, was statistically significant predictor shape, yet differences not biologically meaningful. Additionally, sex size strong predictors with greatest seen largest individuals. DFA field measurements found Snout Length-to-Total Length ratio accurately predicted 71% time, having longer snouts than males. Differences between sexes can allow tentative assignments without lethal gonadal inspection. This study presents first standardized whole-body protocol Gar.

Language: Английский

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