Normal and Premature Adrenarche

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 42(6), P. 783 - 814

Published: March 31, 2021

Adrenarche is the maturational increase in adrenal androgen production that normally begins early childhood. It results from changes secretory response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are best indexed by dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) rise. These related development of zona reticularis (ZR) and its unique gene/enzyme expression pattern low 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 with high cytochrome b5A, sulfotransferase 2A1, 17ß-hydroxysteroid 5. Recently 11-ketotestosterone was identified as an important bioactive adrenarchal androgen. Birth weight, body growth, obesity, prolactin ZR development. Adrenarchal androgens contribute onset sexual pubic hair (pubarche) sebaceous apocrine gland Premature adrenarche causes ≥90% premature pubarche (PP). Its cause unknown. Affected children have a significantly increased growth rate proportionate bone age advancement typically does not compromise potential. Serum DHEAS testosterone levels normal for female puberty. associated mildly risks insulin resistance, possibly mood disorder polycystic ovary syndrome. Between 5% 10% PP due virilizing disorders, which usually characterized more rapid adult height potential than adrenarche. Most cases nonclassic congenital hyperplasia. Algorithms presented differential diagnosis PP. This review highlights recent advances molecular genetic developmental biologic understanding insights into emanating mass spectrometric steroid assays.

Language: Английский

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Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: An update

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 17, 2023

It is estimated that more and couples suffer from fertility pregnancy maintenance disorders. associated with impaired androgen secretion, which influenced by many factors, ranging genetic to environmental. also important remember disorders can result abnormal anatomy of the reproductive male female organ (congenital uterine anomalies – septate, unicornuate, bicornuate uterus; acquired defects uterus structure fibroids, polyps, hypertrophy), disturbed hormonal cycle obstruction fallopian tubes resulting presence adhesions due inflammation, endometriosis, surgery, rhythm menstrual bleeding, concentration hormones. There are relationships between endocrine organs, leading a chain reaction when one them fails function properly. Conditions in immune system involved, including infections autoimmune diseases, affect fertility. The form treatment depends on infertility duration patient’s age. includes ovulation stimulation clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, metformin use, weight loss interventions. Since so different factors fertility, it correctly diagnose what causing problem modify regimen if necessary. This review describes disturbances hormone secretion individual organs context pregnancy.

Language: Английский

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Genetic association between LHCGR variants and polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 24, 2025

Language: Английский

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Molecular Mechanisms of Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling and Its Therapeutic Effects in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(21), P. 8147 - 8147

Published: Oct. 31, 2020

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy, characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and multiple small subcapsular cystic follicles in the during ultrasonography, affects 5–10% of women reproductive age. PCOS frequently associated with insulin resistance (IR) accompanied compensatory hyperinsulinemia and, therefore, presents an increased risk type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The pathophysiology unclear, many hypotheses have been proposed. Among these hypotheses, IR hyperandrogenism may be two key factors. first line treatment includes lifestyle changes body weight reduction. Achieving 5–15% reduction improve PCOS-associated hormonal abnormalities. For who desire pregnancy, clomiphene citrate (CC) front-line for ovulation induction. Twenty five percent fail to ovulate spontaneously after three cycles CC treatment, which called CC-resistant PCOS. women, there are strategies rate, including medical surgical approaches. various approaches, one particular method, laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD), has proposed as alternative treatment. LOD results overall spontaneous rate 30–90% final pregnancy rates 13–88%. These benefits more significant Although intra- post-operative complications sequelae always important, we believe that better understanding pathophysiological and/or molecular mechanisms provide rationale this procedure. LOD, mediated mainly thermal effects, produces series morphological biochemical changes. include formation artificial holes very thick cortical wall, loosening dense hard destruction subsequently decreased amount theca granulosa cells, stromal tissue subsequent development transient but purulent acute inflammatory reactions initiate immune response, continuing leakage or drainage “toxic” follicular fluid immature growth-ceased pre-antral follicles. All factors contribute decreasing local systemic androgen levels, following apoptosis process atresia; re-starting normal recruitment, development, maturation, finally, normalization “hypothalamus–pituitary–ovary” axis ovulation. detailed systematic comprehensively reviewed current article.

Language: Английский

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Bisphenol a downregulates GLUT4 expression by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor to exacerbate polycystic ovary syndrome

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

Abstract Background Bisphenol A (BPA) levels are high in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The mechanism by which BPA induces abnormal glucose metabolism PCOS patients is largely unknown. Methods Serum and urine samples were collected from without (control) at the reproductive medicine center informed consent. Non-PCOS who received vitro fertilization recruited for collection of ovarian follicular fluid granular cells. Wild-type C57BL/6 AhR −/− mice used to verify effects on PCOS. Real-time PCR, western blotting, ELISA conducted analyze function BPA. Chip-qPCR verified role GLUT4 transcription. Flow cytometry was performed determine uptake. Results positive correlation observed between concentration serum patients. aggravated changes metabolism, impaired fertility, increased body fat. Mechanistically, we showed that activated led decreased transport via downregulation Therefore, use inhibitors or knockout could effectively rescue BPA-induced metabolic disorders mice. Conclusions Our results revealed suppressed expression induced activating AhR, causing insulin resistance, thus a potential contributor development be new therapeutic target

Language: Английский

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Caffeic acid's role in mitigating polycystic ovary syndrome by countering apoptosis and ER stress triggered by oxidative stress

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 166, P. 115327 - 115327

Published: Aug. 22, 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by androgen-induced oxidative stress leading to several metabolic disorders. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect caffeic acid on PCOS and its underlying molecular mechanism. We used human ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN cells) induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) examine how influences protein expression stress-induced apoptosis-related markers. Our results indicate significantly inhibits intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation safeguards KGN cells against stress. For in vivo aspect our female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were utilized induce model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Caffeic was then administered for duration 6 weeks. The outcomes revealed effectively improved irregular estrous cycles, fasting blood glucose levels, liver function, lipid profiles DHEA-induced rats. Additionally, it mitigated hyperandrogenism, enhanced steroidogenesis enzyme expression, modulated expression. findings strongly suggest holds promising reducing damage ameliorating PCOS-related complications modulating ER

Language: Английский

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Role of anti-Mullerian hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome

Middle East Fertility Society Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 27(1)

Published: Oct. 27, 2022

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrine disorders affecting up to 10% of all females in their reproductive age, and its cause onset still elusive. A spectrum recent research reflected diverse associations between increased plasma level anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) different clinical features PCOS. Since AMH levels reflect pool growing follicles that potentially can ovulate, it be stated serum used assess “functional ovarian reserve,” rather mentioning as “ovarian reserve.” also appears a premier parameter for assessment atrophied follicular response age individuals. hinders development well recruitment ultimately resulting arrest which key pathophysiologic condition Furthermore, FSH-induced aromatase activity remains inhibited by aids emergence other associated signs PCOS, such excess androgen, followed insulin resistance among PCOS Given versatile association with scarcity literature explaining underling mechanisms how relates this review article will discuss roles pathogenesis may introduce new era treatment approach

Language: Английский

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Effect of Curcumin on Lipid Mediators, Glycemic Index, and Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Biomarkers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Future Directions and Current Knowledge - A Systematic Revie

Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 106947 - 106947

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Autoantibodies Targeting the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Emerging Key Players in Pathogenesis?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(9), P. 4121 - 4121

Published: April 26, 2025

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrinopathy associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. PCOS characterized by complex pathogenesis pathophysiology. Its multifactorial etiology heterogeneous presentation make effective treatment difficult. Endocrine abnormalities in create vicious cycle of overriding dysfunction involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Most research has primarily focused on identifying genetic, epigenetic, or immunological factors underlying PCOS. In recent years, new reports have emerged possible involvement antibodies directed against HPO axis components development Some these been shown to be able interfere hormone receptors receptor binding targeting key domains for their function. However, evidence challenging interpret, given overall predisposition high levels various autoantibodies found women This review focuses affecting potential role The authors discuss as antibody-mediated autoimmune disease light its pathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight management and metabolic parameters in PCOS women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: May 13, 2025

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) when compared metformin placebo in management body weight, glucose homeostasis hormone levels women polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A systematic search "PubMed", "EMBASE", "Cochrane Library", "Web Science" "Google Scholar" was conducted up October 2024 for randomized controlled trials involving adult with PCOS treated GLP-1RAs or placebo. The primary outcomes were changes mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) abdominal girth (AG). Secondary included (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, OGTT results HOMA-IR), (DHEAS, SHBG, total free testosterone FAI), lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL triglycerides) safety. significantly reduced BMI, WC, WHR AG (P < 0.0001 all cases). For homeostasis, level at 2 h after OGTT, HOMA-IR. There also a reduction HDL. All other parameters measured unchanged. In addition, increased nausea = 0.02), vomiting (0.04) dizziness (0.03). effectively BMI insulin resistance patients PCOS, although they accompanied by nausea, dizziness. Further studies are needed explore their long-term effects on profiles.

Language: Английский

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