Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Treatment Outcome

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Journal Year: 2006, Volume and Issue: 2(1), P. 161 - 197

Published: March 27, 2006

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from exposure to a traumatic event that poses actual or threatened death injury and produces intense fear, helplessness, horror. U.S. population surveys reveal lifetime PTSD prevalence rates of 7% 8%. Potential reasons for varying across gender, cultures, samples exposed different traumas are discussed. Drawing upon conditioning model PTSD, we review risk factors including pre-existing individual-based factors, features the event, posttrauma social support. Characteristics trauma, particularly peritraumatic response related cognitions, support appear confer greatest PTSD. Further work is needed disentangle interrelationships among these elucidate underlying mechanisms. Based existing treatment outcome studies, recommend use therapies anxiety management training as first-line Among psychopharmacological treatments, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors evidence strongest effects, yet effects modest compared with psychological treatments.

Language: Английский

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder across Two Generations of Cambodian Refugees

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Journal Year: 1995, Volume and Issue: 34(9), P. 1160 - 1166

Published: Sept. 1, 1995

Language: Английский

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Peer Support and Explanatory Pluralism in the Instrumentalization of Mental Health Self-Concept

AJOB Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 54 - 57

Published: Jan. 2, 2025

Language: Английский

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Tacit Creationism Encourages Oversimplified Views of Functions and Dysfunctions

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 61(5)

Published: March 1, 2025

Notions of function and dysfunction are fundamental for neuroscience, psychology psychiatry but remain contentious. We propose that some these controversies arise from 'tacit creationism', which disavows a designer nonetheless views bodies brain-minds as if they products conscious planning with discrete parts serve specific functions. Many philosophers agree 'failure to perform normal function' is the concepts physical disease mental disorder. However, unlike machines computers, no blueprint defines single phenotype brain-minds. Instead, varying genes interact one another environments create individuals who vary in ways give advantages disadvantages depend on environment. clinically relevant variations influence gain control systems adaptive responses such anxiety low mood, making it difficult draw bright line between excessive activation distressing emotions particular context. Literal interpretations metaphor body machine or brain-mind computer encourage essentializing normality pathology-expecting functions be those dysfunctions involve anatomo-physiological molecular defects corresponding broken parts. Rejecting tacit creationism, accepting messy reality organic complexity, fuzzy boundaries disorders multiple difference-makers contribute pathogenesis offers better way forward psychiatry.

Language: Английский

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The relationship of addiction, tolerance, and dependence to alcohol and drugs: A neurochemical approach

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Journal Year: 1987, Volume and Issue: 4(3-4), P. 197 - 207

Published: Jan. 1, 1987

Language: Английский

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Psychiatry and the Philosophy of Psychiatry

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract I give a history of approaches to psychiatric diagnoses, outlining Kraepelin, psychoanalysis, the neo-Kraepelinians and DSM project. outline current concerns with alternatives like RDoC, HiTOP person centred approaches. This shows how psychiatry has alternated between favouring rejecting disease approach. consider philosophers have aimed defend diagnoses by seeing correct as natural kinds. However, it is recognised that currently employed are not means we need new account scientifically legitimate based upon them being

Language: Английский

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Individual People

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract I outline how the DSM and ICD fail to describe important aspects of individual people but there are still advantages employing abstract idealised diagnoses. Descriptions less than psychiatric diagnoses knowledge is conceptually constituted. We will need very different types concepts understand compared used formulate Finally, suggest that metaphysics science do not give us good reason see as part identity.

Language: Английский

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Diagnosis of Alcoholism

Medical Clinics of North America, Journal Year: 1988, Volume and Issue: 72(5), P. 1133 - 1153

Published: Sept. 1, 1988

Language: Английский

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Medical disorders of suicides in Australia: analysis using a multiple-cause-of-death approach

Social Science & Medicine, Journal Year: 2005, Volume and Issue: 61(2), P. 333 - 341

Published: Jan. 26, 2005

Language: Английский

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The Differential Diagnosis of Anxiety: Psychiatric and Medical Disorders

Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Journal Year: 1985, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 3 - 23

Published: March 1, 1985

Language: Английский

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