Parasite biodiversity faces extinction and redistribution in a changing climate

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 3(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2017

Climate change is a well-documented driver of both wildlife extinction and disease emergence, but the negative impacts climate on parasite diversity are undocumented. We compiled most comprehensive spatially explicit data set available for parasites, projected range shifts in changing climate, estimated rates eight major clades. On basis 53,133 occurrences capturing geographic ranges 457 species, conservative model projections suggest that 5 to 10% these species committed by 2070 from climate-driven habitat loss alone. find no evidence parasites with zoonotic potential have significantly higher gain we do ectoparasites (especially ticks) fare disproportionately worse than endoparasites. Accounting host-driven coextinctions, models predict up 30% parasitic worms extinction, driven combination direct indirect pressures. Despite high local rates, richness could still increase an order magnitude some places, because successfully tracking invade temperate ecosystems replace native unpredictable ecological consequences.

Language: Английский

---

A global parasite conservation plan

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 250, P. 108596 - 108596

Published: Aug. 1, 2020

Language: Английский

---

A reconstruction of parasite burden reveals one century of climate-associated parasite decline

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(3)

Published: Jan. 9, 2023

Long-term data allow ecologists to assess trajectories of population abundance. Without this context, it is impossible know whether a taxon thriving or declining extinction. For parasites wildlife, there are few long-term data—a gap that creates an impediment managing parasite biodiversity and infectious threats in changing world. We produced century-scale time series metazoan abundance used test parasitism Puget Sound, United States, and, if so, why. performed parasitological dissection fluid-preserved specimens held natural history collections for eight fish species collected between 1880 2019. found taxa using three more obligately required host species—a group comprised 52% the we detected—declined at rate 10.9% per decade, whereas no change was detected one two species. tested several potential mechanisms decline 3+-host negatively correlated with sea surface temperature, diminishing 38% every 1 °C increase. Although temperature effect strong, did not explain all variability burden, suggesting other factors may also have contributed declines observed. These document century climate-associated Sound—a massive loss biodiversity, undetected until now.

Language: Английский

---

Extensive Uncharted Biodiversity: The Parasite Dimension

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 23, 2018

Parasites are often hidden in their hosts and exhibit patchy spatial distributions. This makes them relatively difficult to detect sample. Consequently we have poor knowledge of parasite diversities, distributions, extinction. We evaluate our general understanding diversity highlight the enormous bias research on parasites such as helminths arthropods that infect vertebrate hosts. then focus Myxozoa an exemplary case for demonstrating uncharted diversity. Myxozoans a poorly recognized but speciose clade endoparasitic cnidarians with complex life cycles radiated exploit freshwater, marine, terrestrial by adopting strategies convergent those parasitic protists. estimated represent some 20% described cnidarian species—greatly outnumbering combined species richness scyphozoans, cubozoans, staurozoans. summarize limited myxozoan diversification geographical gaps approaches measuring close reviewing methods problems estimating extinction concerns about risks view fundamental roles play ecosystem dynamics driving host evolutionary trajectories.

Language: Английский

---

An Ecological Framework for Modeling the Geography of Disease Transmission

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 34(7), P. 655 - 668

Published: May 9, 2019

Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is widely employed in ecology to predict species' potential geographic distributions relation their environmental constraints and rapidly becoming the gold-standard method for disease risk mapping. However, given biological complexity of systems, traditional ENM framework requires reevaluation. We provide an overview application systems propose a theoretical based on properties both hosts parasites produce reliable outputs resembling system distributions. Additionally, we discuss differences between considerations when implementing distributional epidemiology. This new will help field applications biogeography epidemiology infectious diseases.

Language: Английский

---

What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites?

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 287(1939), P. 20201841 - 20201841

Published: Nov. 18, 2020

How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth to highlight how little is known about parasite diversity, and insufficient our current approach will be describe the full scope of life Earth. Using largest database host–parasite associations one world’s collections, estimate a global total roughly 100 000–350 000 species endoparasites vertebrates, which 85–95% unknown science. The amphibians reptiles remain most poorly described, but majority undescribed probably birds bony fish. Missing disproportionately likely smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At rates, it would take centuries comprehensively sample, collect name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, argue patterns described from small, biased sample diversity aren’t necessarily reliable, especially as networks increasingly altered by change. In spirit moonshots like Human Genome Project Global Virome Project, consider idea Parasite Project: effort transform parasitology inventory at an unprecedented pace.

Language: Английский

---

Marine Parasites and Disease in the Era of Global Climate Change

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 397 - 420

Published: June 10, 2020

Climate change affects ecological processes and interactions, including parasitism. Because parasites are natural components of systems, as well agents outbreak disease-induced mortality, it is important to summarize current knowledge the sensitivity climate identify how better predict their responses it. This need particularly great in marine where variables less studied than those other biomes. As examples climate's influence on parasitism increase, they enable generalizations expected insight into useful study approaches, such thermal performance curves that compare vital rates hosts when exposed several temperatures across a gradient. For not killed by rising temperatures, some simple physiological rules, tendency temperature increase metabolism ectotherms oxygen stress hosts, suggest parasites' intensity pathologies might increase. In addition temperature, climate-induced changes dissolved oxygen, ocean acidity, salinity, host parasite distributions also affect disease, but these factors much studied. Finally, because constituents communities, we must consider indirect secondary effects stemming from host-parasite which may be evident if interactions isolation.

Language: Английский

---

Climate Change and the Neglected Tropical Diseases

Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 39 - 126

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Language: Английский

---

Evolutionary Parasitology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 15, 2021

Abstract Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure microbiota, entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, world would look very different. The book gives an overview over parasite groups diversity defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles evolutionary biology ecology analyse major elements host–parasite interactions, virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, many other aspects. Genetics always key these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host parasites. Similarly, spread infectious disease epidemiology combines with molecular data genomics. Furthermore, parasites evolved ways to overcome manipulate hosts. Hosts therefore, continuously co-evolve, changes sometimes occurring rapidly, requiring geological times. Many humans emerged from a zoonotic origin, processes governed by basic principles discussed different sections. this integrates fields study phenomena. It summarizes essential topics parasitology will be useful broad audience.

Language: Английский

---

The pervasive impact of global climate change on plant-nematode interaction continuum

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: April 6, 2023

Pest profiles in today’s global food production system are continually affected by climate change and extreme weather. Under varying climatic conditions, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause substantial economic damage to a wide variety of agricultural horticultural commodities. In parallel, their herbivory also accredit diverse ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, allocation turnover plant biomass, shaping vegetation community, alteration rhizospheric microorganism consortium modifying the root exudation pattern. Thus PPNs, together with vast majority free-living nematodes, act ecological drivers. Because direct exposure open environment, PPN biology physiology largely governed environmental factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric soil carbon dioxide level, weather extremes. The negative effects warming, elevated CO 2 , altered precipitation extremes heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires storms greatly influence biogeographic range, distribution, abundance, survival, fitness, reproduction, parasitic potential PPNs. Changes these biological parameters associated PPNs exert huge impact on agriculture. Yet, depending how adaptable species according geo-spatial consequences include both positive communities. While assorting whole, it can be estimated that changing factors, one hand, will aggravate aiding generation, growth reduced defense, but phenomena like sex reversal, entering cryptobiosis, survival should counter direction. This seemingly creates contraposition effect, where assessing any confluent trend is difficult. However, differ space time apprehensible react adapt location specificity. Nevertheless, bio-ecological shifts necessitate tweaking management practices from agri-horticultural perspective. this regard, we must aim for ‘climate-smart’ package take care production, pest prevention environment protection. Integrated nematode involving precise monitoring modeling-based studies population dynamics relation fluctuations escalated reliance biocontrol, host resistance, other safer approaches crop rotation, scheduling, cover cropping, biofumigation, use farmyard manure (FYM) would surely prove viable options. Although novel nematicidal molecules target-specific relatively less harmful application not promoted following reduce pesticide usage future Thus, having reliable risk assessment scenario planning, adaptive strategies designed cope impending situation satisfy farmers’ need.

Language: Английский

---