Sociology, Genetics, and the Coming of Age of Sociogenomics

Annual Review of Sociology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 46(1), P. 553 - 581

Published: May 11, 2020

Recent years have seen the birth of sociogenomics via infusion molecular genetic data. We chronicle history genetics, focusing particularly on post-2005 genome-wide association studies, post-2015 big data era, and emergence polygenic scores. argue that understanding scores, including their correlations with each other, causation, underlying biological architecture, is vital. show how genetics can be introduced to understand a myriad topics such as fertility, educational attainment, intergenerational social mobility, well-being, addiction, risky behavior, longevity. Although models gene-environment interaction correlation mirror agency structure in sociology, yet fully discovered by this discipline. conclude critical reflection lack diversity, nonrepresentative samples, precision policy applications, ethics, determinism. speak long-standing sociological questions sociologists offer innovative theoretical, measurement, methodological innovations research.

Language: Английский

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Genetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 335 - 353

Published: Feb. 2, 2021

Abstract Individual differences in human intelligence, as assessed using cognitive test scores, have a well-replicated, hierarchical phenotypic covariance structure. They are substantially stable across the life course, and predictive of educational, social, health outcomes. From this solid foundation importance for life, comes an interest environmental, genetic aetiologies foundations intelligence brain structure functioning. Here, we summarise critique last 10 years or so molecular (DNA-based) research on including discovery loci associated with DNA-based heritability, intelligence’s correlations other traits. We new imaging-intelligence findings, whole-brain associations grey white matter associations. regional imaging interpret these respect to theoretical accounts. address that combines genetics studying differences. There new, though modest, all areas, mechanistic accounts lacking. attempt identify growing points might contribute toward more integrated ‘systems biology’ account some between-individual intelligence.

Language: Английский

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A general dimension of genetic sharing across diverse cognitive traits inferred from molecular data

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 49 - 58

Published: Sept. 7, 2020

Language: Английский

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Polygenic Scores for Cognitive Abilities and Their Association with Different Aspects of General Intelligence—A Deep Phenotyping Approach

Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 58(8), P. 4145 - 4156

Published: May 5, 2021

Intelligence is a highly polygenic trait and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of DNA variants contributing with small effects. Polygenic scores (PGS) can aggregate those effects for prediction in independent samples. As large-scale light-phenotyping GWAS operationalized intelligence as performance rather superficial tests, the question arises which facets are actually captured. We used deep-phenotyping to investigate molecular determinants individual differences cognitive ability. We, therefore, studied between PGS (IQ-PGS), (CP-PGS), educational attainment (EA-PGS) wide range sample 557 healthy adults. IQ-PGS, CP-PGS, EA-PGS had highest incremental R2s general (2.71%; 4.27%; 2.06%), verbal (3.30%; 4.64%; 1.61%), numerical (3.06%; 3.24%; 1.26%) weakest non-verbal (0.89%; 1.47%; 0.70%) memory (0.80%; 1.06%; 0.67%). These results indicate that derived from do not reflect different equally well, thus should be interpreted genetic indicators per se. The findings refine our understanding how related other traits or life outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive ability and education: How behavioural genetic research has advanced our knowledge and understanding of their association

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 111, P. 229 - 245

Published: Jan. 20, 2020

Language: Английский

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Polygenic Scores in Developmental Psychology: Invite Genetics In, Leave Biodeterminism Behind

Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 2(1), P. 389 - 411

Published: Oct. 16, 2020

Polygenic scores offer developmental psychologists new methods for integrating genetic information into research on how people change and develop across the life span. Indeed, polygenic have correlations with outcomes that rival traditional psychology variables, such as family income. Yet linking people's genetics differences between them in socially valued outcomes, educational attainment, has historically been used to justify acts of state-sponsored violence. In this review, we emphasize an interdisciplinary understanding environmental structural determinants social inequality, conjunction a transactional perspective interact their environments, is critical interpreting associations measures phenotypes. While there risk misuse, early applications already provided novel findings identify mechanisms course processes can be diagnose inequalities opportunity.

Language: Английский

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Pathfinder: a gamified measure to integrate general cognitive ability into the biological, medical, and behavioural sciences

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(12), P. 7823 - 7837

Published: Oct. 1, 2021

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have uncovered DNA variants associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability (g), but these are far from capturing heritability estimates obtained twin studies. A major barrier to finding more of this 'missing heritability' is assessment--the use diverse measures across GWA as well time and the cost assessment. In a series four studies, we created 15-min (40-item), online, gamified measure g that highly reliable (alpha = 0.78; two-week test-retest reliability 0.88), psychometrically valid scalable; called new Pathfinder. fifth study, administered 4,751 young adults Twins Early Development Study. This novel measure, which also yields verbal nonverbal scores, correlated substantially standard collected at previous ages (r ranging 0.42 age 7 0.57 16). Pathfinder showed substantial (0.57, 95% CIs 0.43, 0.68) SNP (0.37, 0.04, 0.70). polygenic score computed five educational traits accounted for 12% variation g, strongest DNA-based prediction date. Widespread engaging will advance research not only genomics throughout biological, medical, behavioural sciences.

Language: Английский

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Influence of polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and resilience on the cognition of individuals at-risk for psychosis

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Oct. 9, 2021

Abstract Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia which precedes the onset full psychotic symptoms, even in ultra-high-risk stage (UHR). Polygenic risk scores (PRS) can be computed for many psychiatric disorders and phenotyping traits, including resilience. We explored correlations between several PRS neurocognition UHR individuals. included 107 individuals; 29.9% them converted to psychosis (UHR-C) while 57.0% did not (UHR-NC) during 1-year follow-up. performances were assessed with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale estimating Quotient (IQ), Trail Making Test, verbal fluency, Stroop test, Wisconsin card sorting test. Linear regression models used test their association schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, ADHD, cross-disorders, cognitive performance, intelligence, education attainment, resilience schizophrenia. UHR-C had lower IQ than UHR-NC. The negatively correlated IQ, performance positively IQ. showed significant correlation working memory processing speed indices. higher effect on UHR-NC, UHR-NC high similar as UHR-C. Conversely, performed well Our findings suggest that deficits may predate psychosis. genetic architecture seems impacts cognition Cognition also mediated by

Language: Английский

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snpXplorer: a web application to explore human SNP-associations and annotate SNP-sets

Nucleic Acids Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 49(W1), P. W603 - W612

Published: May 1, 2021

Genetic association studies are frequently used to study the genetic basis of numerous human phenotypes. However, rapid interrogation how well a certain genomic region associates across traits as interpretation associations is often complex and requires integration multiple sources annotation, which involves advanced bioinformatic skills. We developed snpXplorer, an easy-to-use web-server application for exploring Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) statistics functionally annotate sets SNPs. snpXplorer can superimpose from studies, displays regional information including SNP associations, structural variations, recombination rates, eQTL, linkage disequilibrium patterns, genes gene-expressions per tissue. By overlaying GWAS be compare levels different traits, may help variant consequences. Given list SNPs, also perform variant-to-gene mapping gene-set enrichment analysis identify molecular pathways that overrepresented in input freely available at https://snpxplorer.net. Source code, documentation, example files tutorial videos within Help section https://github.com/TesiNicco/snpXplorer.

Language: Английский

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Genome-wide association study of occupational attainment as a proxy for cognitive reserve

Brain, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 145(4), P. 1436 - 1448

Published: Sept. 16, 2021

Abstract Occupational attainment, which represents middle-age cognitive activities, is a known proxy marker of reserve for Alzheimer's disease. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants and revealed the architecture educational another reserve. However, heritability occupational attainment remain elusive. We performed large-scale study with 248 847 European individuals from UK Biobank using proportional odds logistic mixed model method. In this analysis, we defined classified job levels formulated in Standard Classification system considering individual professional skill academic level. 30 significant loci (P < 5 × 10−8); 12 were novel variants, not associated other traits. Among them, four lead genes expressed brain tissues by expression quantitative trait mapping 10 regions: rs13002946, rs3741368, rs11654986 rs1627527. The single nucleotide polymorphism-based was estimated to be 8.5% (standard error mean = 0.004) partitioned enriched CNS tissues. Genetic correlation analysis showed shared backgrounds between multiple traits, including education, intelligence, leisure life satisfaction neuropsychiatric disorders. two-sample Mendelian randomization demonstrated that high occupation reduced risk disease [odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.92 inverse variance weighted method; OR 0.73, CI 0.57–0.92 median method]. This causal relationship robust additional sensitivity excluded potentially pleiotropic polymorphisms (OR 0.72, 0.57–0.91 0.53–0.97 method). Multivariable confirmed had an independent effect on Alzheimer’s even after taking into account 0.54–0.95 0.68, 0.48–0.97 Overall, our analyses provide insights demonstrate potential protective factor as

Language: Английский

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