COVID-19 and Public Transportation: Current Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs

Journal of Public Transportation, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a great challenge for contemporary public transportation worldwide, resulting from an unprecedented decline in demand and revenue. In this paper, we synthesize the state-of-the-art, up to early June 2020, on key developments regarding pandemic, including different responses adopted by governments agencies around world, research needs pertaining critical issues that minimize contagion risk so-called post-lockdown phase. While attempts at adherence physical distancing (which challenges very concept of mass transportation) are looming several countries, latest shows closed environments such as vehicles, proper use face masks has significantly reduced probability contagion. economic social effects outbreak extend beyond service performance health risks financial viability, equity, sustainable mobility. There is if sector perceived poorly transitioning post-pandemic conditions, viewing unhealthy will gain ground might be sustained. To end, paper identifies outlines agenda implications alternative strategies scenarios, specifically measures reduce crowding transportation. provides overview outlook transit policy makers, planners, researchers map state-of-affairs related impacts crisis Some require urgent attention given what ultimately stake countries: restoring ability systems fulfill their societal role.

Language: Английский

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Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event

Indoor Air, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 31(2), P. 314 - 323

Published: Sept. 26, 2020

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, an outbreak occurred following attendance of a symptomatic index case at weekly rehearsal on 10 March Skagit Valley Chorale (SVC). After that rehearsal, 53 members SVC among 61 in were confirmed or strongly suspected to have contracted and two died. Transmission by aerosol route is likely; it appears unlikely either fomite ballistic droplet transmission could explain substantial fraction cases. It vital identify features cases such as this better understand factors promote superspreading events. Based conditional assumption during was dominated inhalation respiratory generated one case, we use available evidence infer emission rate infectious quanta. We explore how risk infection would vary with several influential factors: ventilation rate, duration event, deposition onto surfaces. The results indicate best-estimate 970 ± 390 quanta/h. Infection be reduced factor increasing loss 5 h-1 shortening event from 2.5 1 h.

Language: Английский

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Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant

Building and Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 196, P. 107788 - 107788

Published: March 13, 2021

Language: Английский

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A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(17)

Published: April 13, 2021

The current revival of the American economy is being predicated on social distancing, specifically Six-Foot Rule, a guideline that offers little protection from pathogen-bearing aerosol droplets sufficiently small to be continuously mixed through an indoor space. importance airborne transmission COVID-19 now widely recognized. While tools for risk assessment have recently been developed, no safety has proposed protect against it. We here build models disease in order derive would impose upper bound "cumulative exposure time," product number occupants and their time enclosed demonstrate how this depends rates ventilation air filtration, dimensions room, breathing rate, respiratory activity face mask use its occupants, infectiousness aerosols. By synthesizing available data best-characterized spreading events with drop size distributions, we estimate infectious dose 10 aerosol-borne virions. new virus (severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) thus inferred magnitude more than forerunner (SARS-CoV), consistent pandemic status achieved by COVID-19. Case studies are presented classrooms nursing homes, spreadsheet online app provided facilitate our guideline. Implications contact tracing quarantining considered, appropriate caveats enumerated. Particular consideration given jets, which may substantially elevate when masks not worn.

Language: Английский

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Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 903

Published: Sept. 28, 2020

Abstract

Language: Английский

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Transmission of COVID-19 in 282 clusters in Catalonia, Spain: a cohort study

The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 21(5), P. 629 - 636

Published: Feb. 5, 2021

Scarce data are available on what variables affect the risk of transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), development symptomatic COVID-19, and, particularly, relationship with viral load. We aimed to analyse from linked index cases COVID-19 and their contacts explore factors associated SARS-CoV-2.In this cohort study, patients were recruited as part a randomised controlled trial done between March 17 April 28, 2020, that assess if hydroxychloroquine reduced SARS-CoV-2. Patients identified by use electronic registry Epidemiological Surveillance Emergency Service Catalonia (Spain). included in our analysis aged 18 years or older, not hospitalised, had quantitative PCR results at baseline, mild symptom onset within 5 days before enrolment, no reported symptoms SARS-CoV-2 infections accommodation workplace 14 enrolment. Contacts adults recent history exposure absence COVID-19-like 7 preceding Viral load contacts, measured nasopharyngeal swab, was assessed day 14, whenever participant symptoms. developing disease incubation dynamics using regression analysis. characteristics (age, sex, number onset, presence fever, cough, dyspnoea, rhinitis, anosmia) associations case contacts.We 314 282 (90%) having least one contact (753 total), resulting clusters. 90 (32%) clusters event. The secondary attack rate 17% (125 753 contacts), variation 12% when lower than 1 × 106 copies per mL 24% 1010 higher (adjusted odds ratio log10 increase 1·3, 95% CI 1·1-1·5). Increased also household (3·0, 1·59-5·65) age (per year: 1·02, 1·01-1·04). 449 positive result baseline. 28 (6%) first visit. Of 421 who asymptomatic visit, 181 (43%) developed approximately 38% an initial 107 greater 66% for those (hazard 1·12, 1·05-1·20; p=0·0006). Time decreased median (IQR 5-10) individuals 6 (4-8) 109 mL, (3-8) mL.In leading driver transmission. strongly baseline shortened time dose-dependent manner.YoMeCorono, Generalitat de Catalunya.For Catalan translation abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Language: Английский

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Association of poor housing conditions with COVID-19 incidence and mortality across US counties

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 15(11), P. e0241327 - e0241327

Published: Nov. 2, 2020

Objective Poor housing conditions have been linked with worse health outcomes and infectious disease spread. Since the relationship of poor incidence mortality COVID-19 is unknown, we investigated association between condition in US counties. Methods We conducted cross-sectional analysis county-level data from Centers for Disease Control, Census Bureau John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center 3135 The exposure interest was percentage households (one or greater of: overcrowding, high cost, incomplete kitchen facilities, plumbing facilities). Outcomes were rate ratios (IRR) (MRR) across counties through 4/21/2020. Multilevel generalized linear modeling (with total population each county as a denominator) utilized to estimate relative risk related adjustment density characteristics including demographics, income, education, prevalence medical comorbidities, access healthcare insurance emergency rooms, state-level test density. report (IRRs) (MRRs) 5% increase conditions. Results Across counties, mean 14.2% (range 2.7% 60.2%). On April 21st, (SD) number cases deaths 255.68 (2877.03) 13.90 (272.22) per county, respectively. In adjusted models standardized by population, percent conditions, there 50% higher (IRR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.38–1.62) 42% (MRR 1.42, 1.25–1.61). remained similar using earlier timepoints (3/31/2020 4/10/2020). Conclusions relevance Counties had of, associated with, COVID-19. These findings suggest targeted policies support individuals living should be considered further efforts mitigate adverse

Language: Английский

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Superspreading events in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: Opportunities for interventions and control

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(11), P. e3000897 - e3000897

Published: Nov. 12, 2020

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, has moved rapidly around globe, infecting millions and killing hundreds thousands. The basic reproduction number, which been widely used—appropriately less appropriately—to characterize transmissibility virus, hides fact that transmission is stochastic, often dominated by a small number individuals, heavily influenced superspreading events (SSEs). distinct features SARS-CoV-2, e.g., high stochasticity under low prevalence (as compared to other pathogens, such as influenza), central role played SSEs on dynamics cannot be overlooked. Many explosive have occurred in indoor settings, stoking pandemic shaping its spread, long-term care facilities, prisons, meat-packing plants, produce processing fish factories, cruise ships, family gatherings, parties, nightclubs. These demonstrate urgent need understand routes transmission, while posing an opportunity effectively contain outbreaks with targeted interventions eliminate SSEs. Here, we describe different types SSEs, how they influence empirical evidence for their COVID-19 pandemic, give recommendations control SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

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The role of seasonality in the spread of COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 195, P. 110874 - 110874

Published: Feb. 21, 2021

Language: Английский

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Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment

Health & Place, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 65, P. 102418 - 102418

Published: Aug. 29, 2020

Language: Английский

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