More than nature and nurture, indirect genetic effects on children’s academic achievement are consequences of dynastic social processes

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(4), P. 771 - 778

Published: Jan. 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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Genetic and molecular architecture of complex traits

Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 187(5), P. 1059 - 1075

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Examining intergenerational risk factors for conduct problems using polygenic scores in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(4), P. 951 - 961

Published: Jan. 16, 2024

The aetiology of conduct problems involves a combination genetic and environmental factors, many which are inherently linked to parental characteristics given parents' central role in children's lives across development. It is important disentangle what extent links between heritable behaviour due transmission risk or indirect influences via the environment (i.e., nurture). We used 31,290 genotyped mother-father-child trios from Norwegian Mother, Father Child Cohort Study (MoBa), testing nurture effects on using 13 polygenic scores (PGS) spanning psychiatric conditions, substance use, education-related other factors. Maternal self-reports at ages 8 14 years were available for up 15,477 children. found significant 12 out PGS age (strongest association: smoking, β = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [0.05, 0.08]) 4 externalising problems, 0.08, 0.11]). Conversely, we did not find our selection PGS. Our findings provide evidence association child problems. results may also indicate that traits indexed by limited aetiological importance problems-though small magnitude captured included remain possibility.

Language: Английский

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Estimation of indirect genetic effects and heritability under assortative mating

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 11, 2023

Abstract Both direct genetic effects (effects of alleles in an individual on that individual) and indirect — (e.g. parents) another offspring) can contribute to phenotypic variation genotype-phenotype associations. Here, we consider a phenotype affected by parental under assortative mating at equilibrium. We generalize classical theory derive decomposition the equilibrium variance terms effect components. extend this show popular methods for estimating or ‘genetic nurture’ through analysis offspring polygenic predictors (called indices scores PGIs PGSs) are substantially biased mating. propose improved method while accounting also correct heritability estimates bias due validate our simulations apply it height educational attainment (EA), is 0.699 (S.E. = 0.075) finding no evidence height. estimate very high correlation between parents’ underlying components EA, 0.755 0.035), which inconsistent with twin based possibly confounding EA PGI and/or studies. implement software package snipar , enabling researchers data including observed imputed genotypes. provide theoretical framework understanding results analyses practical methodology

Language: Английский

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Beyond the factor indeterminacy problem using genome-wide association data

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(2), P. 205 - 218

Published: Jan. 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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Unifying approaches from statistical genetics and phylogenetics for mapping phenotypes in structured populations

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(10), P. e3002847 - e3002847

Published: Oct. 9, 2024

In both statistical genetics and phylogenetics, a major goal is to identify correlations between genetic loci or other aspects of the phenotype environment focal trait. these 2 fields, there are sophisticated but disparate traditions aimed at tasks. The disconnect their respective approaches becoming untenable as questions in medicine, conservation biology, evolutionary biology increasingly rely on integrating data from within among species, once-clear conceptual divisions blurred. To help bridge this divide, we lay out general model describing covariance contributions quantitative phenotypes different individuals. Taking approach shows that standard models (e.g., genome-wide association studies; GWAS) phylogenetic comparative regression) can be interpreted special cases more quantitative-genetic model. fact share same core architecture means build unified understanding strengths limitations methods for controlling structure when testing associations. We develop intuition why spurious may occur analytically conduct population-genetic simulations traits. structural similarity problems phylogenetics enables us take methodological advances one field apply them other. demonstrate by showing how GWAS technique-including relatedness matrix (GRM) well its leading eigenvectors, corresponding principal components genotype matrix, regression model-can mitigate analyses. As case study, re-examine an analysis coevolution expression levels genes across fungal phylogeny show including eigenvectors covariates decreases false positive rate while simultaneously increasing true rate. More generally, work provides foundation integrative processes shape it.

Language: Английский

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Examining Differences in the Predictive Capacity of Educational Polygenic Scores on Physical Limitations Among Older Adults With European or African Ancestry

Journal of Aging and Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 11, 2025

This research examined whether educational polygenic scores were associated with physical limitations among older adults European or African ancestry. In the ancestry sample, we found that education significantly limitations, net of age, sex, and current socioeconomic status. not in any models. Observed attainment was a robust predictor both samples. demonstrates inequalities predictive capacity for health. We hypothesize this disparity is result structural barriers to by race, selection bias, and/or racial inequities data collection. All these explanations stem from racism highlight limited usefulness clinical decision-making.

Language: Английский

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Neither nature nor nurture: Using extended pedigree data to understand indirect genetic effects on offspring educational outcomes

Published: Feb. 22, 2022

Families transmit genes and environments across generations. When parents’ genetics affect their children’s environments, these two modes of inheritance can become linked in an “indirect genetic effect.” Such indirect effects may, through bias, account for up to half the estimated variance educational attainment. We tested if on attainment reflect within-nuclear-family transmission (“genetic nurture”) or instead a multi-generational process social stratification (“dynastic effects”). analyzed academic achievement 5th-9th years schooling N=37,117 parent-offspring trios Norwegian Mother, Father, Child Cohort Study (MoBa). used analysis pairs genetically-related families (parents were siblings, children cousins; N=10,913) distinguish genetic-nurture from dynastic shared by cousins different nuclear families. found that explained primarily effects.

Language: Английский

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Polygenic Indices (aka Polygenic Scores) in Social Science: A Guide for Interpretation and Evaluation

Sociological Methodology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(2), P. 300 - 350

Published: March 21, 2024

Polygenic indices (PGI)-the new recommended label for polygenic scores (PGS) in social science-are genetic summary scales often used to represent an individual's liability a disease, trait, or behavior based on the additive effects of measured variants. Enthusiasm linking data with outcomes and inclusion premade PGIs science datasets have facilitated increased uptake research-a trend that will likely continue. Yet, most scientists lack expertise interpret evaluate research. Here, we provide primer focusing key concepts, unique statistical considerations, best practices calculation, estimation, reporting, interpretation. We summarize our as checklist aid evaluating interpreting studies PGIs. conclude by discussing similarities between standard interpretative considerations.

Language: Английский

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Causal interpretations of family GWAS in the presence of heterogeneous effects

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 16, 2023

Family-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a gold standard for assessing causal effects of alleles and polygenic scores. Notably, family are often claimed to provide an unbiased estimate the average effect (or treatment effect; ATE) allele, on basis analogy between random transmission from parents children randomized controlled trial. Here, we show that this interpretation does not hold in general. Because Mendelian segregation only randomizes among heterozygotes, homozygotes observable. Consequently, if allele has different can arise presence gene-by-environment interactions, gene-by-gene or differences LD patterns, biased sample. At single locus, family-based be thought providing heterozygotes (i.e., local LATE). This extend scores, however, because sets SNPs heterozygous each family. Therefore, other than under specific conditions, within-family regression slope PGS cannot assumed any subset weighted families. Instead, reinterpreted enabling extent which at loci contributes population-level variance trait. include between-family variance, applies (roughly) half sample variance. In practice, potential biases GWAS likely smaller those arising confounding standard, population-based GWAS, so remain important dissection genetic contributions phenotypic variation. Nonetheless, estimates is less straightforward been widely appreciated.

Language: Английский

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