From Bacteria to Whales: Using Functional Size Spectra to Model Marine Ecosystems

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 32(3), P. 174 - 186

Published: Jan. 19, 2017

Language: Английский

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Surfing the biomass size spectrum: some remarks on history, theory, and application

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 73(4), P. 477 - 495

Published: Dec. 9, 2015

Charles Elton introduced the “pyramid of numbers” in late 1920s, but this remarkable insight into body-size dependent patterns natural communities lay fallow until theory biomass size spectrum was by aquatic ecologists mid-1960s. They noticed that summed concentration individual organisms roughly constant across equal logarithmic intervals body from bacteria to largest predators. These observations formed basis for a ecosystems, based on organisms, revealed new insights constraints structure biological communities. In review, we discuss history and development underlying theories. We indicate how construct spectra sample data, explain mathematical relations among them, show empirical examples their various forms, give details statistically fit most robust linear nonlinear models spectra. finish giving applications production fisheries ecology offering recommendations help standardize use ecology.

Language: Английский

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A protocol for the intercomparison of marine fishery and ecosystem models: Fish-MIP v1.0

Geoscientific model development, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 1421 - 1442

Published: April 13, 2018

Abstract. Model intercomparison studies in the climate and Earth sciences communities have been crucial to building credibility coherence for future projections. They quantified variability among models, spurred model development, contrasted within- among-model uncertainty, assessed fits historical data, provided ensemble projections of change under specified scenarios. Given speed magnitude anthropogenic marine environment consequent effects on food security, biodiversity, industries, society, time is ripe similar comparisons models fisheries ecosystems. Here, we describe Fisheries Marine Ecosystem Intercomparison Project protocol version 1.0 (Fish-MIP v1.0), part Inter-Sectoral Impact (ISIMIP), which a cross-sectoral network impact modellers. complexity ecosystem, this class has substantial heterogeneity purpose, scope, theoretical underpinning, processes considered, parameterizations, resolution (grain size), spatial extent. This reflects lack unified understanding ecosystem implies that assemblage all more likely include greater number relevant than any single model. The current Fish-MIP designed allow these heterogeneous be forced with common System (ESM) Coupled Phase 5 (CMIP5) outputs prescribed scenarios historic (from 1950s) (to 2100) periods; it will adapted CMIP phase 6 (CMIP6) iterations. It also describes standardized set each participating produce. enables broad characterization differences between uncertainties within when assessing impacts ecosystems services they provide. systematic generation, collation, comparison results from inform an range plausible changes improve our capacity define convey strengths weaknesses model-based advice states fisheries. Ultimately, represents step towards bringing together modelling community produce consistent medium- long-term

Language: Английский

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Process, Mechanism, and Modeling in Macroecology

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 32(11), P. 835 - 844

Published: Sept. 14, 2017

Language: Английский

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High fishery catches through trophic cascades in China

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 114(4), P. 717 - 721

Published: Dec. 27, 2016

Significance Fishing marine ecosystems indiscriminately and intensely can have negative impacts on biodiversity, but it may increase the biomass of fish available for capture in system. We explore possibility that China’s high fishery catches are a result predator removal using an ecosystem model East China Sea (ECS). show be explained by larger predatory consequent increases production smaller fish. project single-species management would decrease ECS reversing these effects. Fisheries similar to those produce large fraction global catch; reform areas must consider entire ecosystem, rather than individual species.

Language: Английский

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When is a fishery sustainable?

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 72(9), P. 1433 - 1441

Published: May 7, 2015

Despite the many scientific and public discussions on sustainability of fisheries, there are still great differences in both perception definition concept. Most authors now suggest that is best defined as ability to sustain goods services human society, with social economic factors be considered along environmental impacts. The result has been each group (scientists, economists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc.) defines “sustainable seafood” using whatever criteria it considers most important, same fish product may deemed sustainable by one totally unsustainable another one. We contend, however, extensive evidence an ecological focus alone does not guarantee long-term any form seafood must consistently take a socio-ecological perspective if effective across cultures future. production depends abundance stock, but fishery management system adjust fishing pressure appropriate levels. While standards judge food production, once we examine ecological, social, aspects sustainability, no unique standard.

Language: Английский

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Predicting Consumer Biomass, Size-Structure, Production, Catch Potential, Responses to Fishing and Associated Uncertainties in the World’s Marine Ecosystems

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. e0133794 - e0133794

Published: July 30, 2015

Existing estimates of fish and consumer biomass in the world's oceans are disparate. This creates uncertainty about roles other consumers biogeochemical cycles ecosystem processes, extent human environmental impacts fishery potential. We develop use a size-based macroecological model to assess effects parameter on predicted biomass, production distribution. Resulting is large (e.g. median global 4.9 billion tonnes for weighing 1 g 1000 kg; 50% intervals 2 10.4 tonnes; 90% 0.3 26.1 tonnes) driven primarily by trophic transfer efficiency its relationship with predator-prey body mass ratios. Even upper predictions demonstrate remarkable scarcity marine consumers, less than one part 30 million volume comprising tissue macroscopic animals. Thus apparently high densities life seen surface coastal waters frequently visited abundance hotspots will likely give many society false impression Unexploited baseline from simple were used calibrate more complex size- trait-based estimate fisheries yield impacts. Yields highly dependent selectivity. Predicted sustainable increases ≈4 fold when smaller individuals (< 20 cm species maximum < 1kg) targeted all oceans, but yields would rarely be accessible practice this fishing strategy leads collapse larger if mortality rates different size classes cannot decoupled. Our analyses show that models minimal demands based few established ecological principles can support equitable analysis comparison diverse ecosystems. The provide insights into estimates, which have yet achieved models, therefore help highlight priorities future research data collection. However, focus structures processes means non-phytoplankton primary several groups, conservation interest not represented. Consequently, our become increasingly useful alternatives addressing questions food web structure function, biodiversity, resilience at scales areas closer coasts.

Language: Английский

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Climate change and non-stationary population processes in fisheries management

ICES Journal of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 73(5), P. 1297 - 1305

Published: Jan. 6, 2016

Abstract The potential influence of climate change on the future distribution and abundance fish (and therefore commercial fisheries food security) is increasingly recognized in fishery management community. A changing will likely have differing effects different species; some flourish, flounder. Management targets for fishing mortality spawning biomass are often calculated by assuming stationary population processes, but under change, this assumption may be violated. Non-stationary processes can introduce bias into estimates from stock assessments calculations target mortalities biomasses. However, few accepted frameworks exist incorporating environment exploited populations strategies. Identifying changes due to environmental influences important order enable climate-enhanced strategy evaluations elucidate benefits costs targets. Cost/benefit analyses also useful when coincidentally caught species respond differently change.

Language: Английский

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mizer: an R package for multispecies, trait‐based and community size spectrum ecological modelling

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 5(10), P. 1121 - 1125

Published: Aug. 28, 2014

Size spectrum ecological models are representations of a community individuals which grow and change trophic level. A key emergent feature these is the size spectrum; total abundance all that scales negatively with size. The we focus on designed to capture fish dynamics useful for assessing impacts fishing.We present mizer, an R package implementing dynamic entire aquatic subject fishing. Multiple fishing gears can be defined mortality through time making it possible simulate range exploitation strategies management options.mizer implements three versions modelling framework: model, where only characterized by their size; trait-based further asymptotic multispecies model additional trait differences resolved.A plot, indicator summary methods available inspect results simulations.

Language: Английский

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The theoretical foundations for size spectrum models of fish communities

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 73(4), P. 575 - 588

Published: Nov. 23, 2015

Size spectrum models have emerged from 40 years of basic research on how body size determines individual physiology and structures marine communities. They are based commonly accepted assumptions a low parameter set, making them easy to deploy for strategic ecosystem-oriented impact assessment fisheries. We describe the fundamental concepts in size-based about food encounter bioenergetics budget individuals. Within general framework, three model types that differ their degree complexity: food-web, trait-based, community models. demonstrate differences between through examples response fishing dynamic behavior. review implementations important variations concerning functional response, whether growth is food-dependent or fixed, density dependence imposed system. Finally, we discuss challenges promising directions.

Language: Английский

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