High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections

Scientific Data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Oct. 23, 2023

We introduce Version 2 of our widely used 1-km Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps for historical and future conditions. The (encompassing 1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990, 1991-2020) are based on high-resolution, observation-based climatologies, while the 2041-2070 2071-2099) downscaled bias-corrected projections seven shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). evaluated 67 models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) kept a subset 42 with most plausible CO2-induced warming rates. estimate that 1901-1930 to 1991-2020, approximately 5% global land surface (excluding Antarctica) transitioned different major class. Furthermore, we project 1991-2020 2071-2099, will transition class under low-emissions SSP1-2.6 scenario, 8% middle-of-the-road SSP2-4.5 13% high-emissions SSP5-8.5 scenario. maps, along associated confidence estimates, underlying monthly air temperature precipitation data, sensitivity metrics CMIP6 models, can be accessed at www.gloh2o.org/koppen .

Language: Английский

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Successional theories

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 98(6), P. 2049 - 2077

Published: July 16, 2023

ABSTRACT Succession is a fundamental concept in ecology because it indicates how species populations, communities, and ecosystems change over time on new substrate or after disturbance. A mechanistic understanding of succession needed to predict will respond land‐use design effective ecosystem restoration strategies. Yet, despite century conceptual advances comprehensive successional theory lacking. Here we provide an overview 19 theories (‘models’) their key points, group them based similarity, explain development ideas suggestions move forward. Four groups models can be recognised. The first ( patch & plants ) focuses at the level consists three subgroups that originated early 20th century. One subgroup processes (dispersal, establishment, performance) operate sequentially during succession. Another emphasises individualistic responses succession, this driven by traits. last vegetation structure underlying demographic second provides more holistic view considering ecosystem, its biota, interactions, diversity, processes. third landscape considers larger spatial scale includes effect surrounding matrix as distance neighbouring patches determines potential for seed dispersal, quality abundance composition sources biotic dispersal vectors. fourth socio‐ecological systems human component focusing where management practices have long‐lasting legacies pathways regrowing vegetations deliver range services local global stakeholders. four differ (patch, landscape) organisational (plant species, system), increase scope, reflect increasingly broader perspective time. They coincide approximately with periods prevailing time, although all views still coexist. are: (from 1910 onwards) was seen through lens replacement; communities 1965 when there succession; landscapes 2000 realised strongly impact pathways, increased remote‐sensing technology allowed better quantification context; people 2015 societal drivers strong effects are important well‐being, most successful done people. Our review suggests hierarchical framework Pickett best starting point forward already several factors, flexible, enabling application different systems. mainly replacement could improved occurring scales (population, community, integrating recent developments other models: (landscape, region), temporal (ecosystem centuries, evolution), taking (landscape integrity composition, disperser community) factors (previous current intensity) into account. Such new, tested using combination empirical research, experiments, process‐based modelling novel tools. Applying seres across broadscale environmental disturbance gradients allows insight what matter under conditions.

Language: Английский

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Host development overwhelms environmental dispersal in governing the ecological succession of zebrafish gut microbiota

npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Jan. 19, 2021

Clarifying mechanisms underlying the ecological succession of gut microbiota is a central theme ecology. Under experimental manipulations zebrafish hatching and rearing environments, we test our core hypothesis that host development will overwhelm environmental dispersal in governing fish microbial community due to genetics, immunology, nutrient niches. We find developmental stage substantially explains succession, whereas effects do not significantly affect from larvae adult fish. The microbiotas are clearly separated according stages, degree homogeneous selection increasing with development. This study advances mechanistic understanding assembly by integrating effects, which also provides new insights into ecology other aquatic animals.

Language: Английский

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Dynamics of Ecological Communities Following Current Retreat of Glaciers

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 52(1), P. 405 - 426

Published: Aug. 31, 2021

Glaciers are retreating globally, and the resulting ice-free areas provide an experimental system for understanding species colonization patterns, community formation, dynamics. The last several years have seen crucial advances in our of biotic after glacier retreats, from integration methodological innovations ecological theories. Recent empirical studies demonstrated how multiple factors can speed up or slow down velocity helped scientists develop theoretical models that describe spatiotemporalchanges structure. There is a growing awareness different processes (e.g., time since retreat, onset interruption surface processes, abiotic factors, dispersal, interactions) interact to shape formation and, ultimately, their functional structure through succession. Here, we examine these address key questions about dynamics show classical approaches increasingly being combined with environmental DNA metabarcoding trait analysis document multitrophic communities, revolutionizing occur following retreat.

Language: Английский

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Comparative Plant Succession among Terrestrial Biomes of the World

Published: April 30, 2020

Despite a century of study by ecologists, recovery following disturbances (succession) is not fully understood. This book provides the first global synthesis that compares plant succession in all major terrestrial biomes and after disturbances. It asks critical questions such as: Does follow general patterns across disturbance types? Do factors control differ from biome to biome? If common drivers exist, what are they? Are they abiotic or biotic, both? The authors provide insights on broad, generalizable go beyond site-specific studies, present discussions as varying temporal dynamics, latitudinal differences, human-caused vs. natural disturbances, role invasive alien species. must-read for researchers students ecology, restoration ecology conservation biology. also valuable framework aid land managers attempting manipulate successional increasingly intense widespread human-made

Language: Английский

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Successive plant growth amplifies genotype-specific assembly of the tomato rhizosphere microbiome

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 772, P. 144825 - 144825

Published: Jan. 26, 2021

Plant microbiome assembly is a spatial and dynamic process driven by root exudates influenced soil type, plant developmental stage genotype. Genotype-dependent has been reported for different crop species. Despite the effect of genetics on assembly, magnitude host control over its relatively small or, many species, still largely unknown. Here we cultivated modern wild tomato genotypes four successive cycles showed that divergence in between two was significantly amplified time. Also, show composition rhizosphere plants became more dissimilar from initial bulk each other. Co-occurrence analyses further identified amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with early late successions microbiome. Among members Late Successional Rhizosphere microbiome, observed an enrichment ASVs belonging to genera Acidovorax, Massilia Rhizobium rhizosphere, whereas enriched ASV genus Pseudomonas. Collectively, our approach allowed us study dynamics successional cultivation as well categorize rhizobacterial taxa their ability form transient or long-term associations plants.

Language: Английский

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Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 466 - 482

Published: Dec. 5, 2021

Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories 1827 plant over time intervals up to 78 years at 141 sites mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements smaller- by larger-ranged Communities shifted parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these typically strong competitors, declines smaller-ranged could reflect not only abiotic drivers global change, but also biotic pressure increased competition. The ubiquitous component based on range size found here may partially reconcile findings no net loss local diversity loss, link community-scale macroecological processes such as homogenisation.

Language: Английский

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Desert ecosystems in China: Past, present, and future

Earth-Science Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 234, P. 104206 - 104206

Published: Oct. 13, 2022

Language: Английский

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A comprehensive framework for vegetation succession

Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(4)

Published: April 1, 2024

Abstract Succession is defined as a directional change in species populations, the community, and ecosystem at site following disturbance. fundamental concept ecology it links different disciplines. An improved understanding of succession urgently needed Anthropocene to predict widespread effects global on recovery, but comprehensive successional framework (CSF) lacking. A CSF synthesize results, draw generalizations, advance theory, make decisions for restoration. We first show that an integral part socio‐ecological system dynamics driven by social ecological factors operating spatial scales, ranging from patch globe. then present local scale (patch landscape) which takes place explain underlying processes mechanisms scale. The reflects increasingly broader perspective includes recent theoretical advances not only focusing replacement also development, considering system, taking effect past current land use, landscape context, biotic interactions, feedback loops into account. discuss how can be used integrate studies, its implications

Language: Английский

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Feedback loops drive ecological succession: towards a unified conceptual framework

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(3), P. 928 - 949

Published: Jan. 16, 2024

ABSTRACT The core principle shared by most theories and models of succession is that, following a major disturbance, plant–environment feedback dynamics drive directional change in the plant community. commonly studied loops are those which regrowth community causes changes to abiotic (e.g. soil nutrients) or biotic dispersers) environment, differentially affect species availability performance. This, turn, leads shifts composition However, there many other PE that potentially succession, each can be considered model succession. While generate predictable successional trajectories, generally observed highly variable. Factors contributing this variability stochastic processes involved dynamics, such as individual mortality seed dispersal, extrinsic not affected but do performance availability. Both lead variation identity dominant within communities. further contingencies if these differ their effect on environment (priority effects). Predictability thus intrinsically linked features ecological We present new conceptual framework integrates propositions discussed above. This defines seven general causes: landscape context, disturbance land‐use, factors, availability, performance, When loop, when not, they create trajectories dynamics. proposed provides guide for linking into causal pathways represent specific Our represents systematic approach identifying main at different stages. It used comparisons among study sites along environmental gradients, conceptualise studies, formulation research questions design field studies. Mapping an extensive onto our revealed representing study's empirical outcomes had important differences, underlining need move beyond currently dominate fields find ways examine importance interactions alternative To aim, we argue integrating long‐term studies across anthropogenic combined with controlled experiments dynamic modelling.

Language: Английский

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