Allergic rhinitis

Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Dec. 3, 2020

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inhaled allergens and one of the most common chronic conditions globally. AR often co-occurs with asthma conjunctivitis a global health problem causing major burden disability worldwide. Risk factors include inhalant occupational allergens, as well genetic factors. impairs quality life, affects social school work, associated substantial economic costs. The Rhinitis its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) initiative classified into intermittent or persistent mild moderate/severe. diagnosis based clinical history and, if needed in patients uncontrolled despite medications long-lasting symptoms, skin tests presence serum-specific IgE antibodies allergens. frequently used pharmacological treatments oral, intranasal ocular H1-antihistamines, corticosteroids fixed combination H1-antihistamines corticosteroids. Allergen immunotherapy prescribed specialist using high-quality extracts stratified effective symptoms. Real-world data obtained mobile technology offer new insights phenotypes management. outlook for includes better understanding novel multimorbid phenotypes, assessment patient-centred shared decision-making. This Primer Bousquet colleagues summarizes epidemiology, mechanisms, treatment allergic rhinitis. In addition, it reviews quality-of-life issues faced provides an overview how technologies could improve patient care.

Language: Английский

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Allergen immunotherapy: past, present and future

Nature reviews. Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(5), P. 317 - 328

Published: Oct. 17, 2022

Language: Английский

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The role of allergen‐specific IgE, IgG and IgA in allergic disease

Allergy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 76(12), P. 3627 - 3641

Published: May 17, 2021

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy is the most common hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 30% of population. Exposure to even minute quantities allergens can lead production IgE antibodies in atopic individuals. This termed allergic sensitization, which occurs mainly early childhood. Allergen-specific then binds high (FcεRI) and low-affinity receptors (FcεRII, also called CD23) for on effector cells antigen-presenting cells. Subsequent repeated allergen exposure increases allergen-specific levels and, by receptor cross-linking, triggers immediate release inflammatory mediators from mast basophils whereas IgE-facilitated presentation perpetuates T cell-mediated inflammation. Due engagement are highly selective IgE, tiny amounts induce massive Naturally occurring IgG IgA usually recognize different epitopes compared with do not efficiently interfere allergen-induced However, these important be induced immunotherapy or passive immunization. These will competition binding prevent responses. Similarly, anti-IgE treatment does same preventing its basophils. Here, we review complex interplay corresponding cell diseases relevance diagnosis, prevention allergy.

Language: Английский

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Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: March 24, 2023

Abstract Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic caused by an impaired immune system. Accompanied high recurrence rates, the steadily rising incidence rates of these attracting increasing attention. The pathogenesis is complex involves many factors, including maternal-fetal environment, living genetics, epigenetics, body’s status. exhibits a marked heterogeneity, with phenotype endotype defining visible features associated molecular mechanisms, respectively. With rapid development immunology, biology, biotechnology, new biological drugs have been designed for treatment diseases, anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE), anti-interleukin (IL)-5, anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/IL-4, to control symptoms. For doctors scientists, it becoming more important understand influencing pathogenesis, progress diseases. This review aimed assess epidemiology, therapeutic interventions AR, AAS, AD, FA. We hope help scientists systematically.

Language: Английский

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Roles of follicular helper and regulatory T cells in allergic diseases and allergen immunotherapy

Allergy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 76(2), P. 456 - 470

Published: Oct. 24, 2020

Abstract Allergic diseases are characterized by overactive type 2 immune responses to allergens and immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that follicular helper T (T FH ) cells, rather than T‐helper H 2) play a crucial role in controlling IgE production. However, regulatory FR specialized subset of REG cells resident B‐cell follicles, restricts cell‐mediated help extrafollicular antibody production, germinal center (GC) formation, affinity maturation, long‐lived, high‐affinity plasma memory differentiation. In mouse models allergic asthma food allergy, CXCR5 + not − conventional needed support otherwise exacerbated cell deletion. Upregulation activities, including skewing toward IL‐13 producing 13) phenotypes, defects have been identified patients with diseases. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) reinstates the balance between diseases, resulting clinical benefits. Collectively, further understanding their immunopathogenesis creates opportunities develop novel therapeutic approaches.

Language: Английский

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Past, present, and future of allergen immunotherapy vaccines

Allergy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 76(1), P. 131 - 149

Published: April 6, 2020

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an allergen-specific form of treatment for patients suffering from immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy; the most common and important immunologically mediated hypersensitivity disease. AIT based on administration disease-causing allergen with goal to induce a protective immunity consisting blocking IgG antibodies alterations cellular immune response so that patient can tolerate contact. Major advantages over all other existing treatments allergy are induces long-lasting protection prevents progression disease severe manifestations. cost effective because it uses patient´s own system potentially be used as preventive treatment. However, broad application limited by mainly technical issues such quality preparations risk inducing side effects which results in extremely cumbersome schedules reducing compliance. In this article we review progress made its beginning provide overview state art, needs further development, possible solutions available through molecular allergology. Finally, consider visions development towards prophylactic application.

Language: Английский

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One hundred and ten years of Allergen Immunotherapy: A journey from empiric observation to evidence

Allergy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 77(2), P. 454 - 468

Published: July 27, 2021

One hundred and ten years after Noon's first clinical report of the subcutaneous application allergen extracts, immunotherapy (AIT) has evolved as most important pillar treatment allergic patients. It is only disease-modifying option available evidence for its efficacy safety broad undisputed. Throughout recent decades, more insights into underlying mechanisms, in particular modulation innate adaptive immune responses, have been described. AIT acknowledged by worldwide regulatory authorities, following guidelines product development, products are subject to a rigorous evaluation before obtaining market authorization. Knowledge practice anchored international guidelines, such recently published series European Academy Allergy Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Innovative approaches continue be further developed with focus on improvement by, example, usage adjuvants, peptides, recombinants, modification allergens, new routes administration, concomitant use biologicals. In addition, real-life data provide complementary valuable information effectiveness tolerability this routine. New mobile health technologies big-data will improve daily convenience, adherence, AIT. However, current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic also had some implications feasibility practicability Taken together, therapy diseases broadly investigated over past 110 laying path innovations improvement.

Language: Английский

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Allergy, Anaphylaxis, and Nonallergic Hypersensitivity: IgE, Mast Cells, and Beyond

Medical Principles and Practice, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 31(6), P. 501 - 515

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions have many reported beneficial functions in immune defense against parasites, venoms, toxins, etc. However, they are best known for their role allergies, currently affecting almost one third of the population worldwide. allergic diseases result from a maladaptive 2 response that promotes synthesis IgE antibodies directed at special class antigens called allergens. bind to high-affinity receptors (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils, sensitizing them get triggered subsequent encounter with cognate allergen. This release large variety inflammatory mediators including histamine responsible symptoms immediate hypersensitivity. The development 2-driven allergies is dependent complex interplay genetic environmental factors barrier surfaces host microbiome builds up during early life. While undoubtedly origin majority it has become clear similar responses can be by other types adaptive mediated via IgG or complement involving mediators. Likewise, various nonadaptive innate triggers expressed been found either directly launch reaction and/or amplify existing responses. review summarizes recent findings both IgE-dependent IgE-independent mechanisms hypersensitivities provides an update diagnosis allergy.

Language: Английский

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The Association Between Intestinal Bacteria and Allergic Diseases—Cause or Consequence?

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: April 15, 2021

The incidence of allergic disorders has been increasing over the past few decades, especially in industrialized countries. Allergies can affect people any age. pathogenesis diseases is complex and involves genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors, response to medication very variable. For some patients, avoidance sole effective therapy, only when triggers are identifiable. In recent years, intestinal microbiota emerged as a significant contributor development diseases. However, precise mechanisms related effects microbiome on unknown. This review summarizes association between bacterial dysbiosis, describes function gut microbes disease from both preclinical clinical studies, discusses factors that influence microbial diversity advanced techniques used analysis. Ultimately, more studies required define host-microbial relationship relevant amenable new therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells: A potential therapeutic strategy for allergic rhinitis

Allergy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 78(6), P. 1425 - 1440

Published: March 28, 2023

Abstract Allergic rhinitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa that poses significant burden on patients' health and quality life. Current therapies for allergic are unable to reinstate immune homeostasis or restricted by specific allergens. Potential therapeutic strategies urgently needed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) immune‐privileged, have strong immunomodulatory effects, can be easily isolated from various sources. Thus, MSC‐based demonstrate potential treating diseases. Recently, numerous studies investigated effects MSCs in animal models rhinitis. Here, we review mechanisms airway inflammation, especially rhinitis, highlight recent research regarding modulation cells, discuss clinical therapy

Language: Английский

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