Behavioral responses to changing environments

Behavioral Ecology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 665 - 673

Published: Oct. 15, 2014

Humans have brought about unprecedented changes to environments worldwide.For many species, behavioral adjustments represent the first response altered conditions.In this review, we consider pivotal role that behavior plays in determining fate of species under human-induced environmental change and highlight key research priorities.In particular, discuss importance plasticity whether adaptive plastic responses are sufficient keeping pace with changing conditions.We then examine interplay between individual population processes ways which can affect ecosystem function stability.Lastly, turn evolutionary consequences anthropogenic impact behaviors on process facilitate or hinder adaptation change.

Language: Английский

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Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife–Livestock–Human Interface

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 32(1), P. 55 - 67

Published: Oct. 28, 2016

Urbanization can create diverse wildlife–livestock–human interfaces. Interfaces represent a critical point for cross-species transmission and emergence of pathogens. should be studied as complex, multihost communities. Molecular epidemiology add real-world complexity to the study disease emergence. is characterized by rapid intensification agriculture, socioeconomic change, ecological fragmentation, which have profound impacts on infectious disease. Here, we review current scientific evidence drivers emerging wildlife-borne zoonoses in urban landscapes, where anthropogenic pressures We argue that these interfaces pathogens into new host populations, thus understanding their form function necessary identify suitable interventions mitigate risk To achieve this, must communities whose structure are dictated both anthropological factors. Emerging diseases (EIDs) (see Glossary) recognized 'whose incidence populations has increased within past two decades or threatens increase near future' [1Smolinsky M.S. et al.Smolinski Microbial Threats Health: Emergence, Detection, Response. National Academies Press, 2003Google Scholar]. As well describing spread newly evolved previously undetected pathogens, increasing geographic spread, impact, changing clinical presentation moving human hosts first time, term also used describe reappearance (or re-emergence) known infection after decline It estimated between 60 80% infections zoonotic origin (at least initially) dependent an animal reservoir survival [2Woolhouse M.E.J. Gowtage-Sequeria S. Host range reemerging pathogens.Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005; 11: 1842-1847Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 3Jones K.E. al.Global trends diseases.Nature. 2008; 451: 990-993Crossref Scopus (2213) Of zoonoses, at 70% wildlife origin, with onward representing natural response evolutionary pathogen ecology [3Jones 4Karesh W.B. al.Ecology zoonoses: unnatural histories.Lancet. 2012; 380: 1936-1945Abstract Full Text PDF (172) Although domesticated reservoirs considered important sources EIDs, it influence systems dictates level operates interface humans animals The impact ecosystems they exist occurred long there been humans. However, over 10 000 years, human–ecosystem interactions become increasingly following series chronological transitions: (i) establishment local settlements, domestication livestock; (ii) regional contact through trade; (iii) intercontinental exploration, imperialism, industrialization; (iv) globalization, urbanization, climate change [5McMichael J. Environmental social influences diseases: past, present future.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2004; 359: 1049-1058Crossref (143) Current levels interaction, driven environmental encroachment land-use (exploitation resources agricultural practices), effects such will result habitat alteration changes species assemblage rates promote Spread persistence emerged re-emerged) then perpetuated combination factors including expanding global international trade travel, intensive livestock keeping systems, proliferation antimicrobial drug use [4Karesh 6Daszak P. Infectious wildlife- threats biodiversity health.Science. 2000; 287: 443-449Crossref (1991) 7Perry B.D. al.Livestock special feature: future directions dynamics.Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 2011; 110: 20871-20877Crossref (56) 8Jones B.A. al.Zoonosis linked change.Proc. 2013; 8399-8404Crossref (150) Land-use population-driven forestry, mining, industrial development, frequently associated [9Patz J.A. al.Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations land emergence.Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 1092-1098Crossref 10McFarlane R.A. al.Land-use island continent.Int. Environ. Res. Public Health. 10: 2699-2719Crossref key driver likely unprecedented rate coming decades, particularly developing countries, much 90% population growth projected occur cities [11Knobler al.The globalization control: exploring consequences opportunities.in: Knobler Proceedings Forum Threats. Institute Medicine, 2006: 21-48Google 12Nations U. World Prospects: 2014 Revision. Department Economic Social Affairs, Population Division, New York2014Crossref Human density significant predictors historical EID events, urbanization effect public health rural adapt conditions, other emerge re-emerge) areas density, migration, trade, sanitation, access clean water alter vector dynamics, while drive inequality (socioeconomic status, housing, race, ethnicity, gender, education) [13Bradley C.A. Altizer diseases.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007; 22: 95-102Abstract (266) 14Alirol E. al.Urbanisation globalised world.Lancet 131-141Abstract (156) Scholar] (Figure 1). For epidemiological often concentrated informal highest [14Alirol In this review, focus (predominantly feature countries) emergence, explore how driving potential sympatric wildlife, livestock, Spatial overlap hosts, ranges requirements directly transmitted vector-borne respectively. such, order investigate conditions might lead across species, humans, simplify considering them network transmitted; physical interact exchanged context societal (as depicted schematic Figure These networks different scales. At local-scale, households part what communities; groups similar set (e.g., demographic socioeconomic) characteristics. movement people, products, environment (which conveniently defined connectivity) [15Alberti M. patterns ecosystem function.Int. Reg. Rev. 28: 168-192Crossref (391) 16Pickett S.T.A. al.Urban systems: foundations decade progress.J. Manage. 92: 331-362Crossref (355) result, could interaction are: livestock-keeping practices, production movements products areas; direct environment, centers developed, freely [8Jones 17Himsworth C.G. al.Rats, cities, pathogens: systematic narrative synthesis literature regarding rat-associated centers.Vector Borne Zoonotic 13: 349-359Crossref (78) Urban highly complex listed above type extent ecosystems, resulting creating human–animal people. Urban-adapted (referred here synanthropic) abundant composed respond behavioral resource-based selection imposed environments [18Lowry H. al.Behavioural responses environments.Biol. Camb. Philos. 88: 537-549Crossref (108) Many synanthropic shown carry some cases act Studies generally those found ubiquitously commonly diseases, rodents, birds, bats, certain mammal foxes Europe raccoons US) [19Deplazes al.Wilderness city: Echinococcus multilocularis.Trends Parasitol. 20: 77-84Abstract (260) 20Wright A.N. Gompper M.E. Altered parasite assemblages manipulated resource availability.Oecologia. 144: 148-156Crossref (59) Rodents, example, harbor plague, leptospirosis, hantavirus infection, re-emergence seemingly poverty countries rat [17Himsworth 21Guan al.Investigating climatic variables hemorrhagic fever renal syndrome Huludao City, China: 17-year data analysis based equation model.BMC 2009; 9: 109Crossref (32) 22Evangelista K. Coburn Leptospira pathogen: its biology, pathogenesis, immune responses.Future Microbiol. 2010; 5: 1413-1425Crossref (141) 23Halliday J.E.B. leptospirosis Africa: cross-sectional survey rodents Kibera settlement, Nairobi, Kenya.Am. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89: 1095-1102Crossref (19) Anthropogenic bring bats closer [24Pulliam J.R.C. al.Agricultural intensification, priming Nipah virus: lethal bat-borne zoonosis.J. Interface. 89-101Crossref (116) 25Plowright R.K. habituation, connectivity epidemic dampening: Hendra virus from flying (Pteropus spp.).Proc. 278: 3703-3712Crossref (147) activities exposure urban-dwelling undoubtedly spilling but little processes occurs Most agents circulate infected multiple parasites infect variable diversity hosts. Small community (within-host competition, perturbations dynamics) far-reaching single (monoxenous) [26Hall S.R. al.Selective predation productivity jointly behavior host–parasite systems.Am. Nat. 165: 70-81Crossref (91) 27Telfer al.Species population.Science. 330: 243-246Crossref (256) 28Tomczuk al.Analysis intrinsic extrinsic influencing dynamics bovine Eimeria spp. central–eastern Poland.Vet. 2015; 214: 22-28Crossref Such downstream demonstrated several well-studied seasonal co-infection cowpox [29Begon al.Seasonal timing recurrent epidemics population.Proc. 276: 1603-1610Crossref (26) Scholar], Lyme white-footed mice [30Keesing F. al.Effects risk.Ecol. Lett. 2006; 485-498Crossref (644) fruit 31Daszak wildlife-livestock-human continuum.in: Collinge Ray C. Disease Ecology: Community Structure Pathogen Dynamics. Oxford University 186-201Crossref 32Plowright al.Ecological bat spillover.Proc. : 282https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2124Crossref (115) With high-profile exhibit wide plasticity (such Ebola avian influenza viruses), approach being embraced studying Studying role complicated attributes unique systems; complicate conceptual models [33Hayman D.T.S. bats: knowledge directions.Zoonoses 60: 2-21Crossref (57) Following framework recently revised Viana al. [34Viana al.Assembling identifying infection.Trends 2014; 29: 270-279Abstract (73) Caron [35Caron A. al.Bridge missing link multi-host systems.Vet. 46: 83Crossref (21) system either exists maintenance non-maintenance host, outside bridge agent involve phases: and/or (wildlife domestic) reservoir; spillover basic models, required maintain determined reproductive number (R0: pathogen) size, force Contact dynamics; R0 closely susceptible individuals recovery mortality individuals, (and spillover) prevalence probability upon [36Begon al.A clarification terms host-microparasite models: numbers, densities areas.Epidemiol. 2002; 129: 147-153Crossref (229) 37Davis Calvet Fluctuating rodent rodent-borne zoonoses.Vector-Borne 305-314Crossref (96) 38Lloyd-Smith J.O. al.Epidemic interface.Science. 326: 1362-1367Crossref (232) traits life-history characteristics, seasonality, coloniality, sympatry) population-level brought play large 39Gardner-Santana L.C. al.Commensal ecology, genetic characteristics city-dwelling Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus).Mol. 18: 2766-2778Crossref (particularly ecology) strongly reservoirs, therefore fundamental importance landscapes. Murray Daszak [40Murray pathogenic hypotheses drives viral emergence.Curr. Opin. Virol. 3: 79-83Crossref (41) discuss under change; perturbation pool hypotheses. hypothesis focuses more dynamic model forces reservoir, before livestock. assumes novel naïve not had prior exposure. reality, seems unlikely mutually exclusive; empirical studies favors [41Lloyd-Smith al.Nine challenges modelling pathogens.Epidemics. 35-39Crossref (changes richness, abundance, rate) dictate interfaces, probably degree coevolution each interface. Associations free-ranging described taxonomic (reviewed Scholar]). Evidence suggests altered availability, results communities, subsequently low proportional increases abundance generalist [42Faeth S.H. al.Trophic communities.Bioscience. 55: 399Crossref 43Galbraith al.Supplementary feeding restructures bird communities.Proc. e2648-e2657Crossref (43) From landscape-scale perspective, declining trend richness (biotic homogenization) occurring higher suburban than less-disturbed 44Evans K.L. al.Habitat assemblages.Ibis. 151: 19-39Crossref (154) Not surprisingly, trophic general rule, matched loss diversity, reducing [45Hudson P.J. al.Is healthy one rich parasites?.Trends 21: 381-385Abstract (343) specific, reassortment affects parameters: likelihood encounter competent [46Wood C.L. al.Does protect against disease?.Ecology. 95: 817-832Crossref (68) helminth South East Asia positively decreasing synanthropy [47Chaisiri al.Human-dominated habitats parasitism Southeast Asian murids.Parasitol. 107: 931-937Crossref (20) Increases elevate (through ranging densities), via orofecal routes [37Davis Fragmentation contrast, bottlenecks reduced effective [48Sommer gene variability (MHC) conservation.Front. Zool. 2: 16-33Crossref (417) decreases along gradients many lost, (notably remain communities) (termed dilution effect) 49Ezenwa V.O. al.Avian West Nile testing associations risk.Proc. 273: 109-117Crossref (157) Reverse (zooanthroponosis) pose threat [50Palacios G. al.Human metapneumovirus wild mountain gorillas, Rwanda.Emerg. 17: 711-713Crossref 51Franklinos L.H.V. al.Streptococcus pyogenes free-living European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus).Ecohealth. 12: 689-692Crossref implications conservation health, marginal circulating urban-adapted circulation Wildlife landscapes heterogeneously distributed, group spatial aggregations products) agents. described, target transmission. Several reviews identified high-risk scale; specific include dwellings, fields, occupational exposure, broader descriptions 52Kreuder Johnson al.Spillover pandemic properties viruses high plasticity.Sci. Rep. 14830Crossref argued Jones attempts virulence predominantly focused generalizations, appropriate capture heterogeneity Instead, define appropriate, spatially explicit scales [53Wood J.L.N. e

Language: Английский

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Sensitivity of bats to urbanization: a review

Mammalian Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 80(3), P. 205 - 212

Published: Oct. 24, 2014

Language: Английский

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Adaptation and Adaptedness of Organisms to Urban Environments

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 46(1), P. 261 - 280

Published: Oct. 7, 2015

Around the world development and growth of cities towns are having a significant impact on local global biodiversity. There is growing interest in adaptation nonhuman organisms to urban environments, we distinguish between concepts adaptedness. Most these studies have focused animals, especially birds. Commonly recorded responses environments include regulatory acclimatory involving changes behavior, communication, physiology. Developmental tend be morphological nature but can also involve cultural learning. evidence microevolutionary associated with adaptive environments. This review highlights urgent need refine terminology currently used describe order improve scientific understanding more effectively identify communicate actions required create biodiversity- adaptation-friendly for future.

Language: Английский

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How Nature-Based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 30(12), P. 755 - 765

Published: Oct. 23, 2015

Language: Английский

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One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 365 - 376

Published: Dec. 20, 2018

Abstract Urbanisation exposes wildlife to new challenging conditions and environmental pressures. Some mammalian species have adapted these novel environments, but it remains unclear which characteristics allow them persist. To address this question, we identified 190 mammals regularly recorded in urban settlements worldwide, used phylogenetic path analysis test hypotheses regarding behavioural, ecological life history traits favour adaptation environments for different groups. Our results show that all produce larger litters; whereas other such as body size, behavioural plasticity diet diversity were important some not taxonomic This variation highlights the idiosyncrasies of process likely reflects niches roles can play. study contributes towards a better understanding mammal association humans, will ultimately design wildlife‐friendly contribute mitigate human‐wildlife conflicts.

Language: Английский

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A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future

Ibis, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 159(1), P. 1 - 13

Published: Oct. 22, 2016

The study of urban birds has increased exponentially in the last century. A prior review scientific literature up to year 2000 found 100 research articles on birds, but past decade alone, over 1000 have been published. Here I studies from 2006–2015 characterize their approach, location, general findings and recent obsessions, with an eye toward suggesting important future directions. Urban ornithology remains centred northern hemisphere, although there is a rapid increase southern, tropical biodiverse settings. Studies north changed documentation composition avifaunas include many demographic response aspects environments. pattern remain most common Latin America, Asia, Africa, New Zealand Middle East. Across world, ornithologists are revealing evolution behavioural morphological adaptations by environment, much which due phenotypic plasticity. relationship humans nature generally specifically increasingly studied as driver avifaunal change well factor affecting human ethics. rarely experimental, it matured point supporting synthetic reviews meta‐analyses that quantify loss avian diversity city centres, successful discuss role amount arrangement vegetation bird life, explore complex relationships between subsidies hazards life survival reproduction birds. Yet be learned, including how some species thrive cities abundant predators; form location affect peak richness occurs typically at intermediate levels urbanization; significance functional biotic homogenization; ways engaging citizens informs broader environmental land ethic.

Language: Английский

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Should we consider individual behavior differences in applied wildlife conservation studies?

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 209, P. 34 - 44

Published: Feb. 13, 2017

Language: Английский

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Generalists are the most urban‐tolerant of birds: a phylogenetically controlled analysis of ecological and life history traits using a novel continuous measure of bird responses to urbanization

Oikos, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 128(6), P. 845 - 858

Published: Jan. 14, 2019

Identifying which ecological and life history traits influence a species’ tolerance to urbanization is critical understanding the trajectory of biodiversity in an increasingly urbanizing world. There evidence for wide array contrasting patterns single trait associations with urbanization. In continental‐scale analysis, incorporating 477 species >5 000 bird observations, we developed novel scalable methodology that evaluated most adaptability persist urban environments. Specifically, assigned species‐specific scores based on continuous measures response urbanization, using VIIRS night‐time light values (i.e. radiance) as proxy We identified generalized, phylogenetically controlled patterns: are generalists large niche breadth), clutch size, residual brain size among urban‐tolerant species. Conversely, specialized feeding strategies insectivores granivores) were negatively associated Enhancement persistence avian environments probably relies protecting, maintaining restoring diverse habitats serving range strategies.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation on the Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases

Journal of Medical Entomology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 58(4), P. 1546 - 1564

Published: Oct. 23, 2020

Abstract The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased in recent decades and accounts for the majority vector-borne disease cases temperate areas Europe, North America, Asia. This emergence been attributed to multiple interactive drivers including changes climate, land use, abundance key hosts, people’s behaviors affecting probability human exposure infected ticks. In this forum paper, we focus on how use have shaped eco-epidemiology Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens, particular Lyme spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto eastern United States. We as a model system, addressing other systems needed illustrate patterns or processes. first examine interacts with abiotic conditions (microclimate) biotic factors (e.g., host community composition) influence enzootic hazard, measured density host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs B. s.s. then review evidence specific landscape configuration, forest fragmentation, influences hazard risk across spatial scales urbanization levels. emphasize need dynamic understanding landscapes based tick pathogen movement habitat relation resource provisioning. propose coupled natural-human framework that interactions, nonlinearities feedbacks system conclude call standardization methodology terminology help integrate studies conducted at scales.

Language: Английский

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